The objective of the present study was to better understand the potential environmental benefit of using vine shoots (ViShs), an agricultural residue, as filler in composite materials. For that purpose, a comparative life cycle assessment (LCA) of a rigid tray made of virgin poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) PHBV, polylactic acid (PLA) or polypropylene (PP), and increasing content of ViSh particles was performed. The contribution of each processing step in the life cycle on the different environmental impacts was identified and discussed. Furthermore, the balance between the environmental and the economic benefits of composite trays was discussed. This work presents a cradle-to-grave LCA of composite rigid trays. Once collected in vineyards, ViShs were dried and ground using dry fractionation processes, then mixed with a polymer matrix by melt extrusion to produce compounds that were finally injected to obtain rigid trays for food packaging. The density of each component was taken into account in order to compare trays with the same volume. The maximum filler content was set to 30 vol% according to recommendations from literature and industrial data. The ReCiPe 2016 Midpoint Hierarchist (H) methodology was used for the assessment using the cutoff system model. This study showed that bioplastics are currently less eco-friendly than PP. This is in part due to the fact that LCA does not account for, in existing tools, effects of microplastic accumulation and that bioplastic technologies are still under development with low tonnage. This study also demonstrated the environmental interest of the development of biocomposites by the incorporation of ViSh particles. The minimal filler content of interest depended on the matrices and the impact categories. Concerning global warming, composite trays had less impact than virgin plastic trays from 5 vol% for PHBV or PLA and from 20 vol% for PP. Concerning PHBV, the only biodegradable polymer in natural conditions in this study, the price and the impact on global warming are reduced by 25% and 20% respectively when 30 vol% of ViSh are added. The benefit of using vine shoots in composite materials from an environmental and economical point of view was demonstrated. As a recommendation, the polymer production step, which constitutes the most important impact, should be optimized and the maximum filler content in composite materials should be increased.

中文翻译：

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使用生命周期评估来量化升级回收藤蔓芽作为生物复合包装材料中的填料的环境效益

本研究的目的是更好地了解使用藤蔓芽 (ViShs)（一种农业残留物）作为复合材料填料的潜在环境效益。为此，对由原始聚（3-羟基丁酸酯-co-3-羟基戊酸酯）PHBV、聚乳酸 (PLA) 或聚丙烯 (PP) 制成的刚性托盘进行比较生命周期评估 (LCA)，并增加 ViSh 颗粒的含量进行了。确定并讨论了生命周期中每个加工步骤对不同环境影响的贡献。此外，还讨论了复合托盘的环境效益和经济效益之间的平衡。这项工作提出了复合刚性托盘的从摇篮到坟墓的 LCA。一旦在葡萄园中收集，ViShs 就会使用干式分馏工艺进行干燥和研磨，然后通过熔体挤出与聚合物基体混合以生产化合物，最终注入以获得用于食品包装的刚性托盘。为了比较具有相同体积的托盘，考虑了每个组件的密度。根据文献和工业数据的建议，最大填料含量设置为 30 vol%。ReCiPe 2016 Midpoint Hierarchist (H) 方法用于使用截止系统模型的评估。这项研究表明，目前生物塑料的环保性不如 PP。这部分是由于 LCA 在现有工具中没有考虑微塑料积累的影响，而且生物塑料技术仍在开发中，吨位较低。这项研究还证明了通过掺入 ViSh 颗粒开发生物复合材料的环境利益。感兴趣的最小填料含量取决于基质和影响类别。关于全球变暖，复合托盘的影响小于原始塑料托盘，从 PHBV 或 PLA 的 5 vol% 到 PP 的 20 vol%。对于本研究中唯一在自然条件下可生物降解的聚合物 PHBV，当添加 30 vol% 的 ViSh 时，其价格和对全球变暖的影响分别降低了 25% 和 20%。从环境和经济的角度来看，在复合材料中使用藤蔓枝条的好处得到了证明。作为建议，构成最重要影响的聚合物生产步骤，