In this work, the impact of land surface physics in simulating the sea and land breeze circulation along the south east coast of India near Kalpakkam is studied using the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model for emergency response application. Simulations were conducted with three different land surface models (LSMs)—5-Layer soil thermal diffusion scheme (5-Layer), Noah land surface model (Noah) and Noah Multi-Physics land surface model (Noah-MP) for different days in summer and southwest monsoon. Observations from meteorological towers, automated weather stations, sonic anemometers and GPS Radiosonde profiles were used for comparison. Results indicate that the Noah-MP followed by Noah schemes produce more realistic simulations of the sea breeze circulation in terms of intensity, onset time, duration, horizontal and vertical extents in most of the studied cases compared to the 5-Layer scheme. Results indicate that the 5-Layer model grossly overestimated air temperature, heat flux and boundary layer height relative to Noah and Noah-MP schemes. The Noah-MP scheme better represented the land-surface feedback in terms of soil temperature, skin temperature and surface energy fluxes leading to more realistic simulations of sea breeze and boundary layer characteristics.

中文翻译：

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WRF中地表物理对印度东南沿海海风环流模拟的影响

在这项工作中，使用天气研究和预报 (WRF) 模型研究了地表物理对模拟印度东南沿海 Kalpakkam 附近海陆风环流的影响，用于应急响应应用。使用三种不同的地表模型 (LSM) - 5 层土壤热扩散方案 (5-Layer)、诺亚地表模型 (Noah) 和诺亚多物理场地表模型 (Noah-MP) 进行了不同天数的模拟。夏季和西南季风。气象塔、自动气象站、声波风速计和 GPS 无线电探空仪剖面的观测结果用于比较。结果表明，Noah-MP 和 Noah 方案在强度、开始时间、持续时间、与 5 层方案相比，大多数研究案例中的水平和垂直范围。结果表明，相对于 Noah 和 Noah-MP 方案，5 层模型严重高估了空气温度、热通量和边界层高度。Noah-MP 方案更好地代表了土壤温度、皮肤温度和表面能通量方面的陆面反馈，从而对海风和边界层特征进行了更真实的模拟。