Abstract

Contamination level, source, and ecological–health risk of potentially toxic elements (PTEs) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the street dust of Yazd, a central capital city in Iran, were investigated for the first time regarding samples collected from 21 sites. Geochemical indices pointed out an enrichment trend of \({\text{Sb}} > {\text{Zn}} > {\text{Pb}} > {\text{Cu}} > {\text{Cd}} > {\text{As}} > {\text{Cr}} > {\text{Ni}} > {\text{V}} > {\text{Mn}} > {\text{Fe}} > {\text{Co}}\) and an ecological risk trend of \({\text{Cd}} > {\text{As}} > {\text{Pb}} > {\text{Cu}} > {\text{Zn}} > {\text{Ni}} > {\text{Co}} > {\text{Cr}}\). The ecological risk indices of PAHs reflected high ecological risk for pyrene (Pyr). The statistical approach along with the isomeric ratios of PAHs suggested that the traffic-related sources, such as wearing of tires and brake pads, and the vehicular exhaust emissions were greatly responsible for the elevated concentrations of Pb, Cu, Sb, and PAHs, while Al, Ni, Co, V, Mn, As, and, to a lesser extent, Fe, Zn, Mo, and Cr were mainly influenced by geogenic sources. The human health risk assessment of PTEs and PAHs reflected that As, Cr, and Pb pose the highest non-carcinogenic risk in adults and children, compared with other PTEs and also PAHs. The carcinogenic health risk of Pb in the children and PAHs in both subpopulations was high for cancer development.

Graphical abstract

中文翻译：

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伊朗中部首都亚兹德的街道扬尘中的潜在有毒元素和多环芳烃：污染水平，污染源识别以及生态健康风险评估

摘要

伊朗首次从21个地点采集的样品进行了调查，对伊朗亚兹德街头尘埃中的潜在有毒元素（PTE）和多环芳烃（PAH）的污染程度，来源和生态健康风险进行了首次调查。地球化学指数指出了\（{\ text {Sb}}> {\ text {Zn}}> {\ text {Pb}}> {\ text {Cu}}> {\ text {Cd}}>的富集趋势。 {\ text {As}}> {\ text {Cr}}> {\ text {Ni}}> {\ text {V}}> {\ text {Mn}}> {\ text {Fe}}> {\文本{Co}} \）和生态风险趋势为\（{\文本{Cd}}> {\文本{As}}> {\文本{Pb}}> {\文本{Cu}}> {\文本{Zn}}> {\ text {Ni}}> {\ text {Co}}> {\ text {Cr}} \）。多环芳烃的生态风险指数反映出high（Pyr）的高生态风险。统计方法以及多环芳烃的异构体比例表明，与交通有关的来源，例如轮胎和刹车片的磨损以及车辆废气排放，是造成铅，铜，锑和多环芳烃浓度升高的主要原因。 Al，Ni，Co，V，Mn，As，以及在较小程度上的Fe，Zn，Mo和Cr主要受地源影响。对PTE和PAH的人类健康风险评估表明，与其他PTE和PAH相比，成人，儿童中As，Cr和Pb构成非致癌风险最高。儿童和PAHs在这两个亚人群中铅的致癌健康风险对于癌症的发展都是很高的。

图形概要