Research on the evolutionary and mechanistic aspects of aging and longevity has a reductionist nature, as the majority of knowledge originates from experiments on a relatively small number of systems and species. Good examples are the studies on the cellular, molecular, and genetic attributes of aging (senescence) that are primarily based on a narrow group of somatic cells, especially fibroblasts. Research on aging and/or longevity at the organismal level is dominated, in turn, by experiments on Drosophila melanogaster, worms (Caenorhabditis elegans), yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae), and higher organisms such as mice and humans. Other systems of aging, though numerous, constitute the minority. In this review, we collected and discussed a plethora of up-to-date findings about studies of aging, longevity, and sometimes even immortality in several valuable but less frequently used systems, including bacteria (Caulobacter crescentus, Escherichia coli), invertebrates (Turritopsis dohrnii, Hydra sp., Arctica islandica), fishes (Nothobranchius sp., Greenland shark), reptiles (giant tortoise), mammals (blind mole rats, naked mole rats, bats, elephants, killer whale), and even 3D organoids, to prove that they offer biogerontologists as much as the more conventional tools. At the same time, the diversified knowledge gained owing to research on those species may help to reconsider aging from a broader perspective, which should translate into a better understanding of this tremendously complex and clearly system-specific phenomenon.

对衰老和长寿的进化和机制方面的研究具有还原论性质，因为大多数知识源自相对较少数量的系统和物种的实验。关于衰老（衰老）的细胞，分子和遗传属性的研究就是很好的例子，这些研究主要基于一小组狭窄的体细胞，尤其是成纤维细胞。反过来，通过对果蝇，蠕虫（秀丽隐杆线虫），酵母（酿酒酵母）的实验，在生物水平上的衰老和/或寿命研究方面占主导地位。），以及诸如小鼠和人类的高等生物。其他老龄化系统虽然数量众多，但占少数。在这篇综述中，我们收集并讨论了关于在一些有价值但不常使用的系统中，包括细菌（新月形杆菌，大肠杆菌），无脊椎动物（Turritopsis）的衰老，寿命甚至不朽的研究的最新发现。dohrnii，九头蛇属，Arctica islandica），鱼类（Nothobranchius sp。，格陵兰鲨鱼），爬行动物（巨龟），哺乳动物（盲mole鼠，裸mole鼠，蝙蝠，大象，虎鲸），甚至是3D类器官，以证明它们为生物老年病学家提供了更多传统工具。同时，由于对这些物种的研究而获得的各种知识，可能有助于从更广泛的角度重新考虑衰老，这应使人们更好地理解这一极为复杂且明确的系统特定现象。