Cancer is characterized by unrestricted cell proliferation, inhibition of apoptosis, enhanced invasion and migration, and deregulation of signalling cascades. These properties lead to uncontrolled growth, enhanced survival, and the formation of tumours. Carnosol, a naturally occurring phyto-polyphenol (diterpene) found in rosemary, has been studied for its extensive antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer effects. In cancer cells, carnosol has been demonstrated to inhibit cell proliferation and survival, reduce migration and invasion, and significantly enhance apoptosis. These anticancer effects of carnosol are mediated by the inhibition of several signalling molecules including extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), p38, c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), Akt, mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2). Additionally, carnosol prevents the nuclear translocation of nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) and promotes apoptosis, as indicated by increased levels of cleaved caspase-3, -8, -9, increased levels of the pro-apoptotic marker Bcl-2-associated X (BAX), and reduced levels of the anti-apoptotic marker B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2). The current review summarizes the existing in vitro and in vivo evidence examining the anticancer effects of carnosol across various tissues.

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卡诺索尔的抗癌特性：体外和体内证据的总结。

癌症的特征是不受限制的细胞增殖，抑制凋亡，增强的侵袭和迁移以及信号级联的失调。这些特性导致不受控制的生长，增强的存活率以及肿瘤的形成。卡诺索尔是迷迭香中发现的一种天然存在的植物多酚（二萜），具有广泛的抗氧化，抗炎和抗癌作用。在癌细胞中，鼠尾草酚已被证明可以抑制细胞增殖和存活，减少迁移和侵袭，并显着增强细胞凋亡。鼠尾草酚的这些抗癌作用是通过抑制几种信号分子来介导的，包括细胞外信号调节激酶（ERK），p38，c-Jun N-末端激酶（JNK），Akt，雷帕霉素（mTOR）和环氧合酶2（COX-2）的机制靶标。此外，鼠尾草酚可阻止活化的B细胞核因子κ轻链增强子（NF-κB）的核易位，并促进细胞凋亡，如裂解caspase-3，-8，-9的水平升高，Caspase-3的水平升高所表明的那样。促凋亡标记物Bcl-2相关的X（BAX），以及降低的抗凋亡标记物B细胞淋巴瘤2（Bcl-2）的水平。当前的综述总结了现有的体外和体内证据，这些证据检查了鼠尾草酚在各种组织中的抗癌作用。