Abstract Over the past 30 years, additive manufacturing (AM) has developed rapidly and has demonstrated great potential in biomedical applications. AM is a materials-oriented manufacturing technology, since the solidification mechanism, architecture resolution, post-treatment process, and functional application are based on the materials to be printed. However, 3D printable materials are still quite limited for the fabrication of bioimplants. In this work, 2D/3D AM materials for bioimplants are reviewed. Furthermore, inspired by Tai Chi, a simple yet novel soft/rigid hybrid 4D AM concept is advanced to develop complex and dynamic biological structures in the human body based on 4D printing hybrid ceramic precursor/ceramic materials that were previously developed by our group. With the development of multi-material printing technology, the development of bioimplants and soft/rigid hybrid biological structures with 2D/3D/4D AM materials can be anticipated.

中文翻译：

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使用 2D、3D 和 4D 增材制造材料开发生物植入物

摘要 在过去的 30 年中，增材制造 (AM) 发展迅速，并在生物医学应用中展现出巨大潜力。AM 是一种以材料为导向的制造技术，因为固化机制、架构分辨率、后处理工艺和功能应用都是基于要打印的材料。然而，3D 可打印材料在制造生物植入物方面仍然非常有限。在这项工作中，回顾了用于生物植入物的 2D/3D AM 材料。此外，受太极拳的启发，基于我们团队先前开发的 4D 打印混合陶瓷前驱体/陶瓷材料，提出了一种简单而新颖的软/刚性混合 4D AM 概念，以开发人体中复杂且动态的生物结构。随着多材料印刷技术的发展，