Leishmaniases represent a complex of tropical and subtropical diseases caused by an intracellular protozoon of the genus Leishmania. The principal cells controlling the interaction between the host and the parasite Leishmania are monocytes and macrophages, as these cells play a decisive role in establishing the pathogenesis or cure. These cells are involved in controlling the growth of Leishmania and in modulating the adaptive immune responses. The heterogeneity and extensive plasticity of monocytes allow these cells to adjust their functional phenotypes in response to the pathogen-directed immunological cues. In Leishmania-infected host, the rate of myelopoiesis is augmented by enhanced monocytic lineage commitment and proliferation of myeloid progenitor cells both in the BM and at the site of infection. These newly generated monocytes play as "safe haven" for the parasite and also as the antigen-presenting cells for T cells to cause deregulated cytokine production. This altered monocytopoiesis is characterized by tissue-specific immune responses, spatiotemporal dynamics of immunoregulation and functional heterogeneity. In the presence of Th1 cytokines, monocytes exhibit a pro-inflammatory phenotype that protects the host from Leishmania. By contrast, in an environment of Th2 cytokines, monocytes display anti-inflammatory phenotype with pro-parasitic functions. In this review, we summarize the involvement of cytokines in the regulation of monocytopoiesis and differentiation of macrophages during leishmanial infection. Understanding the role of cytokines in regulating interactions between Leishmania and the host monocytes is key to developing new therapeutic interventions against leishmaniases.

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单核细胞生成的中央和局部控制影响利什曼原虫感染的结果

利什曼病代表由利什曼原虫属的细胞内原生动物引起的热带和亚热带疾病的复合体。控制宿主和寄生虫利什曼原虫之间相互作用的主要细胞是单核细胞和巨噬细胞，因为这些细胞在确定发病机制或治愈过程中起决定性作用。这些细胞参与控制利什曼原虫的生长和调节适应性免疫反应。单核细胞的异质性和广泛的可塑性使这些细胞能够根据病原体导向的免疫学线索调整其功能表型。在受利什曼原虫感染的宿主中，骨髓和感染部位的单核细胞谱系定型和骨髓祖细胞增殖增强，从而提高了骨髓生成率。这些新生成的单核细胞充当寄生虫的“避风港”，也充​​当 T 细胞的抗原呈递细胞，导致细胞因子产生失调。这种改变的单核细胞生成的特点是组织特异性免疫反应、免疫调节的时空动态和功能异质性。在存在 Th1 细胞因子的情况下，单核细胞表现出一种促炎表型，可保护宿主免受利什曼原虫的侵害。相比之下，在 Th2 细胞因子环境中，单核细胞表现出具有促寄生虫功能的抗炎表型。在这篇综述中，我们总结了细胞因子在利什曼原虫感染期间参与调节单核细胞生成和巨噬细胞分化。