Biological membranes are fluid, dynamic and heterogeneous, with the dual tasks of defining cell compartments and facilitating communication between them. Within membranes, lipid phase separation can alter local composition, dynamics, and allosteric regulation of membrane proteins. The interplay between lipid–lipid, lipid–protein and protein–protein interactions gives flexibility to membrane lateral organization. In this review we examine how lipid phase separation impacts lateral transport of lipids and proteins within membranes. First, we discuss the role of liquid–liquid coexistence in the organization of model biomembranes, and how such demixing can redistribute lipids and proteins into different regions. Next, the role of curvature in membrane patterning via its influence on lipid composition and protein spatial distribution in both model and biological systems is examined. Then, we discuss how critical fluctuations can organize membrane proteins. Finally, we review how external forces can be used to control the organization of lipids and proteins within biomembranes; with examples covering how ATP driven protein adsorption, electrophoresis, and hydrodynamic flow can transport and redistribute lipids and proteins laterally within membranes.

生物膜是流动的、动态的和异质的，具有定义细胞隔室和促进它们之间交流的双重任务。在膜内，脂质相分离可以改变膜蛋白的局部组成、动力学和变构调节。脂质-脂质、脂质-蛋白质和蛋白质-蛋白质相互作用之间的相互作用为膜横向组织提供了灵活性。在这篇综述中，我们研究了脂质相分离如何影响膜内脂质和蛋白质的横向运输。首先，我们讨论了液-液共存在模型生物膜组织中的作用，以及这种分层如何将脂质和蛋白质重新分配到不同区域。下一个，通过对模型和生物系统中的脂质组成和蛋白质空间分布的影响，研究了曲率在膜图案形成中的作用。然后，我们讨论关键波动如何组织膜蛋白。最后，我们回顾了如何使用外力来控制生物膜内脂质和蛋白质的组织；示例涵盖了 ATP 驱动的蛋白质吸附、电泳和流体动力学流动如何在膜内横向运输和重新分配脂质和蛋白质。