Mitochondrial DNA sequences can be transferred into the nuclear genome, giving rise to nuclear mitochondrial DNA sequences (NUMTs). NUMTs have been described in numerous eukaryotes. However, the studies on the distribution of NUMTs and its influencing factors are still inadequate and even controversial. Previous studies have suggested that Hymenoptera may be a group rich in NUMTs, in which we selected 11 species of fig wasps (Chalcidoidea, Hymenoptera) to analyze the distribution and evolution of NUMTs at the genomic level. The results showed that the contents of NUMTs varied greatly in these species, and bursts of NUMTs existed in some species or lineages. Further detailed analyses showed that the large number of NUMTs might be related to the large genomes; NUMTs tended to be inserted into unstable regions of the genomes; and the inserted NUMTs might also be affected by transposable elements (TEs) in the neighbors, leading to fragmentations and duplications, followed by bursts of NUMTs. In summary, our results suggest that a variety of genomic environmental factors can determine the insertion and post-insertion fate of NUMTs, resulting in their species- or lineage-specific distribution patterns, and that studying the evolution of NUMTs can provide good evidence and theoretical basis for exploring the dynamics of exogenous DNA entering into the nuclear genome.

中文翻译：

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跟踪无花果蜂基因组中核线粒体DNA序列（NUMTs）的分布和爆发

线粒体DNA序列可以转移到核基因组中，从而产生核线​​粒体DNA序列 （NUMT个）。NUMT在许多真核生物中都有描述。但是，对NUMTs的分布及其影响因素的研究仍不完善，甚至存在争议。先前的研究表明，膜翅目可能是一个富含NUMT的种群，我们选择了11种无花果黄蜂（Chalcidoidea，膜翅目）在基因组水平上分析NUMT的分布和进化。结果表明，这些物种中NUMT的含量变化很大，某些物种或谱系中存在NUMT爆发。进一步的详细分析表明，大量NUMT可能与大型基因组有关。NUMTs倾向于插入基因组的不稳定区域。并且插入的NUMT也可能会受到邻居中的转座因子（TE）的影响，从而导致碎片和重复，随后是NUMT个突发。总之，我们的结果表明，各种基因组环境因素可以决定NUMT的插入和插入后的命运，从而导致其特定于物种或谱系的分布方式，并且研究NUMT的进化可以提供良好的证据和理论依据探索进入核基因组的外源DNA动力学的基础。