The annual bluegrass weevil [Listronotus maculicollis (Kirby)] is a severe pest of golf course turf in North America. Most turf managers attempt to minimize larval damage by targeting adults with insecticides upon emergence from overwintering habitats in spring. Fluctuations in weather often create asynchronous emergence patterns that lead to inefficacious applications. We sought to describe L. maculicollis reproductive phenology to determine when mating and oviposition occur to better time insecticide applications. Dissections were performed on adults collected weekly from golf course fairways and tees between adult emergence and the end of the first generation over a 3-yr period. Most females emerged with well-developed reproductive systems, though <40% were mated. Fewer than 20% of males were mature upon emergence and required 5–8 wk after first emergence before all captures displayed mature reproductive systems. Few adults were found to have fed between emergence and adult peak, suggesting that systemic insecticides applied during the migration are not likely to be ingested. In caged oviposition studies, females survived up to 15 wk, with oviposition occurring as late as 14 wk. Average total fecundity ranged between 60 and 90 eggs per female with most oviposition occurring between the start of the experiment and 5 (2013) or 8 wk (2012). A strong correlation between growing degree days per week and eggs per female per week was detected over this period. Our findings suggest that insecticide applications targeting adults to reduce asynchronous larval development and damage should not be applied prior to peak emergence.

中文翻译：

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Listronotus maculicollis 春季萌发期间的繁殖物候和摄食模式：对春季管理的影响

一年生蓝草象鼻虫 [ Listronotus maculicolis (Kirby)] 是北美高尔夫球场草皮的严重害虫。大多数草坪管理者试图通过在春季从越冬栖息地出现时用杀虫剂瞄准成虫来尽量减少幼虫的损害。天气的波动通常会产生异步的出现模式，从而导致应用程序无效。我们试图描述L. maculicollis生殖物候，以确定何时发生交配和产卵，以便更好地使用杀虫剂。在 3 年的时间里，每周从高尔夫球场球道和发球台收集的成虫从成虫出现到第一代结束之间进行解剖。大多数雌性出现了发育良好的生殖系统，尽管 <40% 已交配。不到 20% 的雄性在羽化时成熟，在首次羽化后需要 5-8 周才能显示成熟的生殖系统。发现很少有成虫在羽化和成虫高峰之间进食，这表明在迁徙期间施用的内吸性杀虫剂不太可能被摄入。在笼养产卵研究中，雌性存活了 15 周，产卵最晚发生在 14 周。平均总繁殖力在每只雌性 60 到 90 个卵之间，大多数产卵发生在实验开始和第 5（2013）或第 8 周（2012）之间。在此期间检测到每周生长期天数与每周每只雌性产卵之间存在很强的相关性。我们的研究结果表明，不应在出现高峰之前使用针对成虫的杀虫剂应用，以减少幼虫的异步发育和损害。