Environmental change, including global warming and chemical pollution, can compromise cnidarian‐(e.g., coral‐) dinoflagellate symbioses and cause coral bleaching. Understanding the mechanisms that regulate these symbioses will inform strategies for sustaining healthy coral–reef communities. A model system for corals is the symbiosis between the sea anemone Exaiptasia pallida (common name Aiptasia) and its dinoflagellate partners (family Symbiodiniaceae). To complement existing studies of the interactions between these organisms, we examined the impact of menthol, a reagent often used to render cnidarians aposymbiotic, on the dinoflagellate Breviolum minutum, both in culture and in hospite. In both environments, the growth and photosynthesis of this alga were compromised at either 100 or 300 µM menthol. We observed reduction in PSII and PSI functions, the abundances of reaction‐center proteins, and, at 300 µM menthol, of total cellular proteins. Interestingly, for free‐living algae exposed to 100 µM menthol, an initial decline in growth, photosynthetic activities, pigmentation, and protein abundances reversed after 5–15 d, eventually approaching control levels. This behavior was observed in cells maintained in continuous light, but not in cells experiencing a light–dark regimen, suggesting that B. minutum can detoxify menthol or acclimate and repair damaged photosynthetic complexes in a light‐ and/or energy‐dependent manner. Extended exposures of cultured algae to 300 µM menthol ultimately resulted in algal death. Most symbiotic anemones were also unable to survive this menthol concentration for 30 d. Additionally, cells impaired for photosynthesis by pre‐treatment with 300 µM menthol exhibited reduced efficiency in re‐populating the anemone host.

中文翻译：

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薄荷醇对短叶小夜蛾（Dinoflagellata，Dinophyceae，Symbiodiniaceae）的生长和光合功能的影响及其与拟南芥宿主的相互作用

环境变化，包括全球变暖和化学污染，可能会危害到触角毛虫（例如，珊瑚）和鞭毛藻的共生体，并导致珊瑚白化。了解调节这些共生酶的机制将为维持健康的珊瑚礁群落提供战略依据。珊瑚的模型系统是海葵Exaiptasia pallida（俗称Aiptasia）与其鞭毛鞭毛纲伴侣（Symbiodiniaceae科）之间的共生。为了补充对这些生物之间的相互作用的现有研究，我们研究了薄荷醇（常用于使cnidarians共生的试剂）对双鞭毛小夜蛾的影响。，无论是在文化方面还是在医院方面。在两种环境中，在100或300 µM薄荷醇中，这种藻类的生长和光合作用均受到损害。我们观察到PSII和PSI功能的降低，反应中心蛋白的丰度降低，以及在300 µM薄荷醇中细胞总蛋白的降低。有趣的是，对于暴露于100 µM薄荷醇中的自由活动藻类，其生长，光合作用，色素沉着和蛋白质丰度的最初下降在5-15 d后逆转，最终达到控制水平。在连续光照下的细胞中观察到这种行为，但是在经历明暗方案的细胞中观察不到此现象，这表明B. minutum可以以光和/或能量依赖的方式使薄荷醇解毒或适应和修复受损的光合复合物。将培养的藻类长时间暴露于300 µM薄荷醇中最终导致藻类死亡。大多数共生海葵也无法在30 d的薄荷醇浓度下存活。此外，用300 µM薄荷醇预处理对光合作用造成损害的细胞在再填充海葵宿主方面显示出降低的效率。