This work presents the biochemical, cytochemical and molecular studies on two groups of PR proteins, β-1,3-glucanases and chitinases, and the arabinogalactan proteins (AGP) during the early stages of androgenesis induction in two breeding lines of rye (Secale cereale L.) with different androgenic potential. The process of androgenesis was initiated by tillers pre-treatments with low temperature, mannitol and/or reduced glutathione and resulted in microspores reprogramming and formation of androgenic structures what was associated with high activity of β-1,3-glucanases and chitinases. Some isoforms of β-1,3-glucanases, namely several acidic isoforms of about 26 kDa; appeared to be anther specific. Chitinases were well represented but were less variable. RT-qPCR revealed that the cold-responsive chitinase genes Chit1 and Chit2 were expressed at a lower level in the microspores and whole anthers while the cold-responsive Glu2 and Glu3 were not active. The stress pre-treatments modifications promoted the AGP accumulation. An apparent dominance of some AGP epitopes (LM2, JIM4 and JIM14) was detected in the androgenesis-responsive rye line. An abundant JIM13 epitopes in the vesicles and inner cell walls of the microspores and in the cell walls of the anther cell layers appeared to be the most specific for embryogenesis.

中文翻译：

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β-1,3-葡聚糖酶和几丁质酶参与了应激相关的防御机制，这些机制可能与黑麦（Secale graine L.）雄激素起始所需的阿拉伯半乳聚糖蛋白（AGP）的调节有关

这项工作介绍了在两个黑麦育种系的雄激素诱导早期阶段对两组 PR 蛋白、β-1,3-葡聚糖酶和几丁质酶以及阿拉伯半乳聚糖蛋白 (AGP) 的生化、细胞化学和分子研究。 L.) 具有不同的雄激素潜力。雄激素的过程是由分蘖用低温、甘露醇和/或还原型谷胱甘肽预处理启动的，并导致小孢子重编程和雄激素结构的形成，这与 β-1,3-葡聚糖酶和几丁质酶的高活性有关。β-1,3-葡聚糖酶的一些异构体，即约26 kDa的几种酸性异构体；似乎是花药特异性的。几丁质酶有很好的代表性，但变化较小。RT-qPCR 显示冷响应几丁质酶基因 Chit1 和 Chit2 在小孢子和整个花药中的表达水平较低，而冷响应 Glu2 和 Glu3 没有活性。应激预处理的修改促进了 AGP 的积累。在雄激素反应性黑麦品系中检测到一些 AGP 表位（LM2、JIM4 和 JIM14）的明显优势。小孢子的囊泡和内细胞壁以及花药细胞层的细胞壁中丰富的 JIM13 表位似乎对胚胎发生最具有特异性。JIM4 和 JIM14) 在雄激素反应性黑麦品系中检测到。小孢子的囊泡和内细胞壁以及花药细胞层的细胞壁中丰富的 JIM13 表位似乎对胚胎发生最具有特异性。JIM4 和 JIM14) 在雄激素反应性黑麦品系中检测到。小孢子的囊泡和内细胞壁以及花药细胞层的细胞壁中丰富的 JIM13 表位似乎对胚胎发生最具有特异性。