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The internal time keeper: Causal evidence for the role of the cerebellum in anticipating regular acoustic events
Cortex ( IF 3.6 ) Pub Date : 2020-10-07 , DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2020.09.021
Katharina S Rufener 1 , Astrid-Maria Husemann 2 , Tino Zaehle 1
Affiliation  

Most acoustic events in our environment do not appear randomly but are rather predictable due to the temporal regularity in that they occur. Besides sensory-related cortical areas, the cerebellum has been suggested as a key structure in temporal processing and in the anticipation of future events. Hence, patients with cerebellum lesions show impaired precision in temporal processing as reflected in the reduced ability to exploit temporal regularity.

Using transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS), we here aimed to draw further causal conclusions on the human cerebellum as functionally relevant in temporal processing of acoustic events. We focused on the electrophysiologic P3b, a large positive wave apparent in the electroencephalography (EEG), that represents encoding of task-relevant events and that has been demonstrated as sensitive to the exploitation of temporal regularities. Participants received 30 min of anodal, cathodal or sham tDCS over the cerebellum while they performed two oddball paradigms with different temporal regularities in that the acoustic stimuli were presented. Following clinical observations, we hypothesized that tDCS-effects will be present in the regular oddball paradigm only, thus, in the condition that allows anticipating the occurrence of subsequent stimuli.

In result, we found that cathodal tDCS over the cerebellum reduced the P3b-amplitude specifically in response to target stimuli in the regular paradigm. Thereby, tDCS-induced changes mirror the effects of cerebellar lesions in clinical samples.

Our data provides direct evidence for a causal link between the human cerebellum and auditory processing of temporal regularity and emphasize future work on a potential benefit of cerebellar-tDCS in clinical samples.



中文翻译:

内部计时员:小脑在预期常规声音事件中的作用的因果证据

在我们的环境中,大多数声音事件不是随机出现的,而是由于它们发生的时间规律而可以预测的。除了与感觉有关的皮质区域外,小脑还被认为是颞叶处理和预期未来事件的关键结构。因此,小脑病变患者表现出时间处理的准确性受损,这反映出利用时间规律性的能力降低。

我们使用跨颅直流电刺激(tDCS),旨在就人小脑在听觉事件的时态处理中与功能相关的结论得出进一步的因果结论。我们专注于电生理P3b,这是在脑电图(EEG)中出现的大正波,代表与任务相关的事件的编码,并且已被证明对利用时间规律性敏感。参与者在小脑上接受了30分钟的阳极,阴极或假tDCS训练,同时他们进行了两种具有不同时间规律性的奇异球范例,表现为听觉刺激。根据临床观察,我们假设tDCS效应将仅在常规的奇异球范式中出现,因此,在可以预料到随后刺激发生的情况下。

结果,我们发现小脑上的阴极tDCS降低了P3b幅度,特别是对常规范式中的目标刺激做出了响应。因此,tDCS引起的变化反映了临床样品中小脑病变的影响。

我们的数据为人类小脑与时间规律的听觉处理之间的因果关系提供了直接证据,并强调了关于小脑-tDCS在临床样本中的潜在益处的未来工作。

更新日期:2020-10-30
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