Black phosphorus-based nanomaterials (BPNMs), an emerging member of two-dimensional (2D) nanomaterials, possess excellent physicochemical properties and hold great potential for application in advanced nanomedicines. However, the bare BPNMs easily decrease their biomedical activities due to their degradability and in vivo interactions with biological macromolecules such as plasma proteins, largely restricting their biomedical application. A variety of surface modifications, via chemical, physical or biological approaches, have been developed for BPNMs to avoid these limitations and achieve stable, long-lasting and safe therapeutic effects, thus enlighten the development of the multifunctional BPNMs for more practical application in the field of biomedicine. The present review summarizes the recent advances in the surface modification of BPNMs and the resultant expansion of their biomedical applications. Focus is put on the strategy and method of modification while the effects incurred on the behavior and potential toxicity of BPNMs are also included. The future and challenge of the surface modification of the therapeutic BPNMs are finally discussed.

黑磷基纳米材料（BPNMs）是二维（2D）纳米材料的新兴成员，具有优异的理化性质，在先进的纳米药物中具有广阔的应用前景。但是，裸露的BPNM由于其可降解性和体内活性而容易降低其生物医学活性。与生物大分子（如血浆蛋白）的相互作用，极大地限制了它们在生物医学上的应用。通过化学，物理或生物学方法，已为BPNM开发了多种表面修饰方法，可避免这些局限性并获得稳定，持久和安全的治疗效果，从而启发多功能BPNM的开发，使其在该领域得到更实际的应用生物医学。本综述总结了BPNMs的表面修饰及其生物医学应用的扩展方面的最新进展。重点放在修饰的策略和方法上，同时也包括对BPNMs的行为和潜在毒性的影响。最后讨论了治疗性BPNM的表面修饰的未来和挑战。