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The value of personal information in vertically differentiated markets with privacy concerns
Annals of Operations Research ( IF 4.8 ) Pub Date : 2020-10-06 , DOI: 10.1007/s10479-020-03794-3
Yongrui Duan , Yuncong Xie , Yihong Hu

Information technology and data science have enabled firms to practice price discrimination on an unprecedented scale, arousing privacy concerns among their customers. When consumers know a firm is practicing price discrimination, they may take costly measures to conceal their identities so as to avoid being targeted. Governments, in turn, may require firms to disclose their price discrimination practices in order to protect consumers’ interests. In this paper, we consider a pricing game in which two competitive, vertically differentiated firms may implement price discrimination using information purchased from a third-party data supplier. We determine (1) the firms’ optimal pricing strategies when consumers can (or cannot) safeguard their personal information by paying a “privacy cost”; (2) the data supplier’s optimal sales strategy and the value of the data; and (3) the effects of the cost of consumer privacy and of the disclosure of price discrimination practices on firms and consumers. We find that for the data supplier, the optimal sales strategy is always to sell exclusively to one firm, regardless of whether consumers are aware that the firm practices “personalized pricing”. The question of which firm the data broker should sell to depends on what we term the “quality-adjusted cost”—the ratio between the additional cost of the high-quality product and the magnitude of the quality difference. If this ratio is smaller than 1/2, the data broker will sell to the high-quality firm; if greater, to the low-quality firm. Second, by comparing two scenarios involving the disclosure or non-disclosure of price discrimination, we find, somewhat counter-intuitively, that mandatory transparency increases industry profits and decreases consumer surplus when only the high-quality firm has access to consumer data. When only the low-quality firm has such access, transparency lowers industry profits once the quality-adjusted cost exceeds a certain threshold. When the quality-adjusted cost is in the intermediate range, mandatory transparency decreases social welfare. This means that the disclosure of price discrimination practices may have unfavorable consequences from a social planning standpoint. Thus, the new insights our findings offer into competitive personalized pricing in vertically differentiated markets will be useful not only to managers in the industry but also to regulators.

中文翻译:

个人信息在存在隐私问题的垂直差异化市场中的价值

信息技术和数据科学使公司能够以前所未有的规模实行价格歧视,从而引起客户的隐私担忧。当消费者知道一家公司在实行价格歧视时,他们可能会采取代价高昂的措施来隐瞒自己的身份,以免成为攻击目标。反过来,政府可能会要求公司披露他们的价格歧视做法,以保护消费者的利益。在本文中,我们考虑了一个定价博弈,其中两个竞争的、垂直差异化的公司可以使用从第三方数据供应商处购买的信息来实施价格歧视。我们确定(1)当消费者可以(或不能)通过支付“隐私成本”来保护他们的个人信息时,公司的最优定价策略;(2) 数据供应商的最优销售策略和数据价值;(3) 消费者隐私成本和价格歧视做法的披露对​​企业和消费者的影响。我们发现对于数据供应商来说,最优的销售策略总是只卖给一家公司,而不管消费者是否意识到该公司实行“个性化定价”。数据经纪人应该卖给哪家公司的问题取决于我们所说的“质量调整成本”——高质量产品的额外成本与质量差异幅度之间的比率。如果这个比例小于1/2,数据经纪人就会卖给优质公司;如果更大,到低质量的公司。其次,通过比较涉及价格歧视披露或不披露的两种情况,我们发现,与直觉相反,当只有高质量的公司可以访问消费者数据时,强制透明度会增加行业利润并减少消费者剩余。当只有低质量的公司有这样的机会时,一旦质量调整成本超过某个阈值,透明度就会降低行业利润。当质量调整成本处于中间范围时,强制性透明度会降低社会福利。这意味着从社会规划的角度来看,价格歧视做法的披露可能会产生不利的后果。因此,我们的研究结果提供的关于垂直差异化市场中竞争性个性化定价的新见解不仅对行业经理有用,而且对监管者也有用。当只有高质量的公司可以访问消费者数据时,强制透明度会增加行业利润并减少消费者剩余。当只有低质量的公司有这样的机会时,一旦质量调整成本超过某个阈值,透明度就会降低行业利润。当质量调整成本处于中间范围时,强制性透明度会降低社会福利。这意味着从社会规划的角度来看,价格歧视做法的披露可能会产生不利的后果。因此,我们的研究结果提供的关于垂直差异化市场中竞争性个性化定价的新见解不仅对行业经理有用,而且对监管者也有用。当只有高质量的公司可以访问消费者数据时,强制透明度会增加行业利润并减少消费者剩余。当只有低质量的公司有这样的机会时,一旦质量调整成本超过某个阈值,透明度就会降低行业利润。当质量调整成本处于中间范围时,强制性透明度会降低社会福利。这意味着从社会规划的角度来看,价格歧视做法的披露可能会产生不利的后果。因此,我们的研究结果提供的关于垂直差异化市场中竞争性个性化定价的新见解不仅对行业经理有用,而且对监管者也有用。一旦质量调整成本超过某个阈值,透明度就会降低行业利润。当质量调整成本处于中间范围时,强制性透明度会降低社会福利。这意味着从社会规划的角度来看,价格歧视做法的披露可能会产生不利的后果。因此,我们的研究结果提供的关于垂直差异化市场中竞争性个性化定价的新见解不仅对行业经理有用,而且对监管者也有用。一旦质量调整成本超过某个阈值,透明度就会降低行业利润。当质量调整成本处于中间范围时,强制性透明度会降低社会福利。这意味着从社会规划的角度来看,价格歧视做法的披露可能会产生不利的后果。因此,我们的研究结果提供的关于垂直差异化市场中竞争性个性化定价的新见解不仅对行业经理有用,而且对监管者也有用。这意味着从社会规划的角度来看,价格歧视做法的披露可能会产生不利的后果。因此,我们的研究结果提供的关于垂直差异化市场中竞争性个性化定价的新见解不仅对行业经理有用,而且对监管者也有用。这意味着从社会规划的角度来看,价格歧视做法的披露可能会产生不利的后果。因此,我们的研究结果提供的关于垂直差异化市场中竞争性个性化定价的新见解不仅对行业经理有用,而且对监管者也有用。
更新日期:2020-10-06
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