Local effects pertain to the main factors determining the ground motion parameters during earthquakes. The local effects associated with seismic ground response have always been paid much attention in the practice of engineering seismology since most urban regions in the world are situated in river valleys, on the soft young sedimentary deposits. The river valleys in the earthquake-prone areas host a number of large cities of the world such as Tokyo, Osaka, Kobe, Los Angeles, San Francisco, San Salvador, Caracas, Lima, Bogota, Kathmandu, Manila, Thessaloniki, Mexico City, etc. The abundance and significance of these effects stimulated numerous instrumental, theoretical, and numerical studies aimed at better understanding and quantifying these effects. To date, the methods have been developed in seismology for reliable assessment of these effects. In this paper, the methods of assessing the local effects of the earthquakes that were used at the early stages of seismology and their evolution up to the modern level are described.

中文翻译：

---

估计地震局部影响的现代方法

局部效应与确定地震期间地震动参数的主要因素有关。由于世界上大多数城市地区都位于河谷地带，在松软的年轻沉积物上，与地震地面响应相关的局地效应在工程地震学实践中一直备受关注。地震多发地区的河谷承载着世界上许多大城市，如东京、大阪、神户、洛杉矶、旧金山、圣萨尔瓦多、加拉加斯、利马、波哥大、加德满都、马尼拉、塞萨洛尼基、墨西哥城、等。这些影响的丰富性和重要性激发了许多旨在更好地理解和量化这些影响的仪器、理论和数值研究。迄今为止，已经在地震学中开发了这些方法来可靠地评估这些影响。