Globally, the poultry industry is gaining significant importance among the agricultural and its allied sectors. However, heat stress was found to negatively affect the poultry production particularly in the tropical regions. This review is therefore an attempt to generate information pertaining to the impacts of heat stress on poultry production and its amelioration. Heat stress reduces the growth, reproductive performance, and egg production in poultry birds. The reduction in productive potential of poultry birds on exposure to heat stress may be attributed to the deviation of energy resources from production to adaptation pathway. There are different approaches pertaining to relieving the adverse impacts of heat stress on poultry production. These approaches can be broadly categorized under genetic, management, and nutritional strategies. These approaches may reduce the negative effects of heat stress and enhance the productive performance of poultry birds. The management strategies include appropriate shelter design, providing shade, using sprinklers, implementing cooling devices, and using fans and ventilation systems. The recommended floor space for mature birds weighing 1.7 kg is 0.06 m2/bird while it is 0.13 m2/bird for the birds weighing 3.5 kg with 27.8 kg/m2 bird density in either case. The nutritional interventions comprise ration balancing and providing essential micronutrients to improve the productive and reproductive performance in poultry birds. Fat, antioxidants, yeast, and electrolyte supplementations are some of the most commonly used nutritional strategies to ensure optimum production in the poultry industry. Furthermore, providing adequate water supply and disease surveillance measures may help to ensure optimum meat and egg production in the birds. The advanced biotechnological tools may aid to identify suitable genetic markers in poultry birds which might help in developing new strains of higher thermo-tolerance by designing suitable breeding program involving marker-assisted selection. These strategies may help to optimize and sustain poultry production in the changing climate scenario.

中文翻译：

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热应激和家禽生产：影响和改善

在全球范围内，家禽业在农业及其相关部门中越来越重要。然而，发现热应激会对家禽生产产生负面影响，尤其是在热带地区。因此，本综述试图生成有关热应激对家禽生产及其改善的影响的信息。热应激会降低家禽的生长、繁殖性能和产蛋量。暴露于热应激的家禽生产潜力的降低可能归因于能源资源从生产到适应途径的偏差。有不同的方法可以减轻热应激对家禽生产的不利影响。这些方法可以大致分为遗传、管理和营养策略。这些方法可以减少热应激的负面影响并提高家禽的生产性能。管理策略包括适当的庇护所设计、提供遮荫、使用洒水器、实施冷却装置以及使用风扇和通风系统。体重 1.7 公斤的成年家禽的推荐占地面积为 0.06 平方米/家禽，而体重 3.5 公斤、家禽密度为 27.8 公斤/平方米的家禽则为 0.13 平方米/家。营养干预包括日粮平衡和提供必需的微量营养素以提高家禽的生产和繁殖性能。脂肪、抗氧化剂、酵母和电解质补充剂是确保家禽业最佳生产的一些最常用的营养策略。此外，提供充足的供水和疾病监测措施可能有助于确保鸟类的最佳肉蛋产量。先进的生物技术工具可能有助于识别家禽中合适的遗传标记，通过设计涉及标记辅助选择的合适育种计划，这可能有助于开发更高耐热性的新菌株。这些策略可能有助于在不断变化的气候情况下优化和维持家禽生产。