Monitoring for errors and behavioral adjustments after errors are essential for daily life. A question that has not been addressed systematically yet, is whether consciously perceived errors lead to different behavioral adjustments compared to unperceived errors. Our goal was to develop a task that would enable us to study different commonly observed neural correlates of error processing and post-error adjustments in their relation to error awareness and accuracy confidence in a single experiment. We assessed performance in a new number judgement error awareness task in 70 participants. We used multiple, robust, single-trial EEG regressions to investigate the link between neural correlates of error processing (e.g., error-related negativity (ERN) and error positivity (Pe)) and error awareness. We found that only aware errors had a slowing effect on reaction times in consecutive trials, but this slowing was not accompanied by post-error increases in accuracy. On a neural level, error awareness and confidence had a modulating effect on both the ERN and Pe, whereby the Pe was most predictive of participants’ error awareness. Additionally, we found partial support for a mediating role of error awareness on the coupling between the ERN and behavioral adjustments in the following trial. Our results corroborate previous findings that show both an ERN/Pe and a post-error behavioral adaptation modulation by error awareness. This suggests that conscious error perception can support meta-control processes balancing the recruitment of proactive and reactive control. Furthermore, this study strengthens the role of the Pe as a robust neural index of error awareness.

监控错误和错误后的行为调整对于日常生活至关重要。一个尚未系统解决的问题是，与未感知到的错误相比，有意识地感知到的错误是否会导致不同的行为调整。我们的目标是开发一项任务，使我们能够在单个实验中研究错误处理和错误后调整的不同常见神经相关性与错误意识和准确性置信度的关系。我们评估了 70 名参与者在新的数字判断错误意识任务中的表现。我们使用多重、稳健、单次试验的 EEG 回归来研究错误处理的神经相关性（例如，错误相关负性 (ERN) 和错误正性 (Pe)）与错误意识之间的联系。我们发现，在连续试验中，只有有意识的错误才会对反应时间产生减缓影响，但这种减缓并没有伴随着错误后准确性的提高。在神经层面上，错误意识和信心对 ERN 和 Pe 都有调节作用，其中 Pe 最能预测参与者的错误意识。此外，在接下来的试验中，我们发现部分支持错误意识对 ERN 和行为调整之间耦合的中介作用。我们的结果证实了先前的发现，即通过错误意识同时显示 ERN/Pe 和错误后行为适应调制。这表明有意识的错误感知可以支持元控制过程，平衡主动和被动控制的招募。此外，