Bone tissue engineering has been introduced several decades ago as a substitute for traditional grafting techniques to treat bone defects using engineered materials. The main goal in bone tissue engineering is to introduce materials and structures which can mimic the function of bone to restore the damaged tissue and promote cell restoration and proliferation. Titania and zirconia are well-known bioceramics which have been widely used in tissue engineering applications due to their unsurpassed characteristics. In this study, hierarchical meso/macroporous titania-zirconia (TiO₂-ZrO₂) nanocomposite scaffolds have been synthesized and evaluated for bone tissue engineering applications. The scaffolds were produced using the evaporation-induced self-assembly (EISA) technique along with the foamy method. To characterize the samples, X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), simultaneous thermal analysis (STA), and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) analysis were performed. The results showed that TiO₂-ZrO₂ scaffolds can be produced after sintering the samples at 550°C for 2 h. Among samples with different weight percentages of zirconia and titania, the sample containing 13 wt.% zirconia was considered as the optimum sample due to its structural integrity. This scaffold had pore size, pore wall size, and mesopores in the range of  μm,  μm, and 7-13 nm, respectively. The specific surface area obtained from the BET theory, total volume, and mean diameter of pores of this sample was 13.627 m²g^1-, 0.03788 cm³g^-1, and 11 nm, respectively. The results showed that the produced scaffolds can be considered as the promising candidates for cancellous bone regeneration.

中文翻译：

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用于松质骨组织工程的分级介孔-TiO2-ZrO2纳米复合纳米支架的合成与表征

几十年来，已经引入了骨组织工程技术，以替代使用工程材料治疗骨缺损的传统移植技术。骨组织工程的主要目标是引入可以模仿骨骼功能的材料和结构，以恢复受损组织并促进细胞恢复和增殖。二氧化钛和氧化锆是众所周知的生物陶瓷，由于其无与伦比的特性而已广泛用于组织工程应用。在这项研究中，分层的介孔/大孔二氧化钛-氧化锆（TiO ₂ -ZrO ₂）纳米复合支架已被合成并评估用于骨组织工程应用。使用蒸发诱导自组装（EISA）技术以及泡沫方法生产支架。为了表征样品，进行了X射线衍射（XRD），扫描电子显微镜（SEM），能量色散X射线光谱（EDS），同时热分析（STA）和Brunauer-Emmett-Teller（BET）分析。结果表明，TiO ₂ -ZrO ₂将样品在550°C烧结2小时后即可制成支架。在具有不同重量百分比的氧化锆和二氧化钛的样品中，由于其结构完整性，含13 wt。％氧化锆的样品被认为是最佳样品。该支架的孔尺寸，孔壁尺寸和中孔的范围为 μ米， μ m和7-13纳米，分别。从BET理论获得的比表面积，该样品的总体积和孔的平均直径分别为13.627 m ² g ^1-，0.03788 cm ³ g ^-1和11 nm。结果表明，所产生的支架可以被认为是松质骨再生的有希望的候选者。