(2749) Chlorophyllum Massee in Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1898: 135. Jun 1898, nom. cons.

Typus: C. esculentum Massee [= C. molybdites (G. Mey.) Massee ex P. Syd. (Agaricus molybdites G. Mey.)].

(=) Secotium Kunze in Flora 23: 321. 7 Jun 1840, nom. rej. prop.

Typus: S. gueinzii Kunze

Secotium Kunze (in Flora 23: 321–322. 1840) is a genus comprising about 60 described species whose taxonomic position has long been controversial (De Toni in Saccardo, Syll. Fung. 7: 51–55. 1888; Conard in Mycologia 7: 94–104. 1915; Cunningham in Proc. Linn. Soc. New South Wales 49: 97–119. 1924; Heim in Rev. Mycol. (Paris) 16: 129–153. 1951; Singer & Smith in Madroño 15: 152–158. 1960). The genus was erected to accommodate species with spore maturation within enclosed basidiomata and a stipe extending as a columella into the spore‐bearing part, a morphology since termed “secotioid” (Thiers in Mycologia 76: 1–8. 1984). The latter term is now commonly applied to intermediates between gasteroid and agaricoid phenotypes (Hibbett & al. in Amer. J. Bot. 81: 466–478. 1994; Albee‐Scott in Mycol. Res. 111: 1030–1039. 2007), which have evolved convergently in many genera of Agaricales Underw., including Agaricus L., Amanita Pers., Cortinarius (Pers.) Gray, and Chlorophyllum Massee (e.g., Peintner & al. in Amer. J. Bot. 88: 2168–2179. 2001; Vellinga & al. in Mycologia 95: 442–456. 2003; Geml in Acta Microbiol. Immunol. Hung. 51: 97–108. 2004; Gube, Ontogeny Phylogeny Gasteroid Agaricaceae, Doctoral Diss., Friedrich‐Schiller‐Universität, Jena. 2009; Justo & al. in Mycologia 102: 675–688. 2010; Lebel & Syme in Mycologia 104: 496–520. 2012; Vidal & al. in Persoonia 42: 127–185. 2019).

Secotium gueinzii Kunze, the original type of Secotium, was not separately described (Kunze, l.c.) but was later discussed in greater depth by Berkeley (in London J. Bot. 2: 507–527. 1843), Bottomley (in Bothalia 4: 474–810. 1948), and Singer & Smith (l.c.). However, genetic data from this species was lacking until recently; therefore its phylogenetic identity, as well as the status of the genus remained nebulous. The successful sequencing of the ITS locus of a 1963 collection made by E.L. Stephens (MICH 4378, designated as epitype) (Loizides & al. in Mycologia 112: 400–422. 2020), confirmed that S. gueinzii in fact nests within Chlorophyllum sect. Chlorophyllum and is sister to the agaricoid species C. globosum.

The majority of Secotium species have been transferred to other genera in the Agaricales, Boletales E.‐J. Gilbert, and Russulales Kreisel ex P.M. Kirk & al. These include species such as Secotium areolatum G. Cunn. (now Boletus semigastroideus Nuhn & al.), S. agaricoides (Czern.) Hollós (now Chlorophyllum agaricoides (Czern.) Vellinga), S. krjukowensis Bucholtz (now Russula krjukowensis (Bucholtz) Trappe & T.F. Elliott), S. nova‐zelandiae G. Cunn. (now Psilocybe weraroa Borovička & al.), S. olbium Tul. & C. Tul. (now Lepiota olbia (Tul. & C. Tul.) J.M. Vidal & P.‐A. Moreau), and S. porphyreum G. Cunn. (now Cortinarius porphyroideus Peintner & M.M. Moser) (Peintner & al., l.c.; Vellinga & al., l.c.; Borovička & al. in Mycol. Progr. 10: 149–155. 2011; Elliott & Trappe in Fungal Syst. Evol. 1: 229–242. 2018; Vidal & al. in Bol. Micol. FAMCAL 10: 47–71. 2019). In addition, several species of Secotium have been synonymized with other earlier taxa (e.g., Cunningham [l.c.] included Secotium acuminatum Mont., S. pedunculatum Lloyd, S. szabolcsense Haszl., S. thunii Schulzer, and S. warnei (Peck) Peck under S. agaricoides [now Chlorophyllum agaricoides]). At the moment, only about 15 very rare or poorly known species remain classified within Secotium, many of which may be unrelated to the type, S. gueinzii, given their deviating macro‐ and micromorphological characters. For example, S. coprinoides Routien is a 4 mm tall species with coprinoid spores, known only from the type collection (Routien in Mycologia 32: 159–169. 1940).

Chlorophyllum Massee (in Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew. 1898: 135. 1898) currently accommodates 27 described species, 18 of which are phylogenetically confirmed (Ge & al. in MycoKeys 32: 65–90. 2018; Loizides & al., l.c.). Although the genus was originally erected to accommodate green‐spored agaricoid species (typified by Chlorophyllum esculentum Massee, now referred to C. molybdites), phylogenetic studies revealed that it is morphologically diverse, after several pale‐spored species formerly placed in Macrolepiota Singer and Leucoagaricus Locq. ex Singer were shown to nest in Chlorophyllum (Vellinga in Mycotaxon 83: 415–417. 2002; Vellinga in Austral. Syst. Bot. 16: 361–370. 2003; Vellinga & al., l.c.). In addition, the secotioid genus Endoptychum Czern. (in Bull. Soc. Imp. Naturalistes Moscou 18(2): 132–157. 1845) was synonymized with Chlorophyllum after phylogenetic studies revealed that the type, E. agaricoides Czern., also nests within the Chlorophyllum clade (Vellinga, l.c. 2002; Vellinga & al., l.c.). In the latter case, the generic name Chlorophyllum was conserved against the generic name Endoptychum, which has chronological priority over the former (Vellinga & De Kok in Taxon 51: 563–564. 2002). Since then, three other secotioid species have been added to Chlorophyllum: C. arizonicum (Shear & Griffiths) G. Moreno & Altés, a species formerly classified in Secotium and later placed in Endoptychum (Singer & Smith in Brittonia 10: 216–221. 1958), and two new closely related species, C. lusitanicum G. Moreno & al. and C. levantinum Loizides & al. (Crous & al. in Persoonia 35: 264–327. 2015; Loizides & al., l.c.). Thus, the Chlorophyllum clade currently contains five secotioid taxa (C. agaricoides, C. arizonicum, S. gueinzii, C. levantinum, C. lusitanicum) among a majority of large, agaricoid species with variable spore shapes and spore colours.

The phylogenetic placement of Secotium gueinzii in Chlorophyllum gives rise to a nomenclatural problem, since the generic name Secotium (1840) has priority over Chlorophyllum (1898). Therefore, unless the generic name Chlorophyllum is conserved against Secotium, all agaricoid taxa currently placed in Chlorophyllum would have to be re‐combined into the secotioid genus Secotium.

We consider the latter option undesirable and propose to formally conserve Chlorophyllum against Secotium for the following reasons: (1) Chlorophyllum is now, 18 years after re‐combination of the first secotioid taxon into the genus, widely known to accommodate both agaricoid and secotioid species; (2) the term “secotioid” derives from the genus name Secotium, thus combinations of agaricoid taxa within Secotium would be confusing; (3) confusion would be avoided regarding the well‐established usage of the term “secotioid” itself, which would then refer only to a historical definition of the genus Secotium and not so obviously relate to secotioid phenotypes in general terms; (4) Chlorophyllum includes the common poisonous species C. molybdites (of which the generic type is a taxonomic synonym), a name well‐known among physicians and toxicologists, and confusion over its nomenclature might lead to dangerous delays in treatment of poisonings; (5) the status of the majority of taxa in Secotium remains unresolved and many of them are likely to be unrelated to the type, S. gueinzii, and to each other, or to be synonymous with already recombined species (e.g., Chlorophyllum agaricoides); (6) conversely, the majority of taxa in Chlorophyllum are genetically resolved and tightly linked to the corresponding DNA sequences; (7) if the proposal is accepted, nomenclatural disruption would be minimal because fewer name changes would be required, with a maximum of 15 species to be renamed, as opposed to 27 name changes in the case of rejection of this proposal; (8) for similar reasons, Chlorophyllum has already been conserved against Endoptychum.

（2749）公牛的叶绿素Massee。杂项 通知。Kew 1898：135。1898年6月，标价。缺点

Typus：C. esculentum Massee [= C. molybdites（G. Mey。）Massee ex P. Syd。（落叶松蘑菇G.Mey。）]。

（=）植物区系的Secotium Kunze 23：321。1840年6月7日，标价。rej。支柱。

Typus：S. gueinzii Kunze

硒油Kunze（在Flora 23：321–322。1840中）是一个属，包括大约60个上述物种，其生物分类地位一直存在争议（De Toni in Saccardo，Syll。Fung。7：51–55。1888; Conard in Mycologia 7： 94–104。1915；坎宁安（Proc。Linn。Soc。）新南威尔士州49：97–119。1924；海姆（Heim）在牧师麦可（Recol。Mycol。）（​​巴黎）16：129–153。1951；辛格和史密斯（Singer＆Smith）在马德罗尼奥15：152 –158。1960）。该属的建立是为了在封闭的basidiomata中容纳具有孢子成熟的种，并且一种菌柄以小柱状延伸到带有孢子的部分，这种形态自称为“类藻类”（Thiers in Mycologia 76：1–8。1984）。后一个术语现在通常适用于类固醇和琼脂糖类表型之间的中间体（Hibbett等人，Amer。J. Bot。81：466–478。1994； Albee-Scott，Mycol。Res。111：1030-1039。2007）。 ，伞菌（Agaricales Underw。），包括姬松茸，伞形毒蕈（Amanita Pers。），Cortinarius（Pers。）Gray和叶绿素Massee（例如Peintner等，Amer。J. Bot。88：2168–2179。2001； Vellinga等。 Mycologia 95：442–456。2003; Geml in Acta Microbiol。Immunol。Hung。51：97–108。2004; Gube，个体发育系统发育的类固醇琼脂科，博士学位，弗里德里希·席勒大学，耶拿。2009; Justo等见Mycologia 102：675–688。2010； Lebel＆Syme在Mycologia 104：496–520。2012； Vidal等人在Persoonia 42：127–185。2019）。

Secotium guinzii Kunze是Secotium的原始类型，并未单独描述（Kunze，lc），但后来由Berkeley（在伦敦J. Bot。2：507-527。1843），Bottomley（在Bothalia 4： 474–810。（1948年）和Singer＆Smith（lc）。但是，直到最近才缺乏该物种的遗传数据。因此，它的系统发育特征以及属的状态仍然不清楚。的ITS 1963年收集由EL斯蒂芬（MICH 4378，指定为epitype）制成的基因座的成功测序（Loizides＆人在Mycologia 112：。400-422 2020），确认了S. gueinzii在内实际上巢Chlorophyllum节。叶绿素，是琼脂类的姐妹C. globosum。

大多数Secotium物种已被转移到其他属的伞菌目，牛肝菌目E.-J. Gil Kir和Russulales Kreisel出自PM Kirk等人。这些包括诸如油松（Secotium areolatum G. Cunn）的物种。（现在是Boletus semigastroideus Nuhn等），S。agaricoides（Czern。）Hollós（现在是Chlorophyllum agaricoides（Czern。）Vellinga），S。krjukowensis Bucholtz（现在是Russula krjukowensis（Bucholtz）Trappe和TF Elliott）。 zelandiae G. Cunn。（现在是Psilocybe weraroaBorovička等），S。olbium塔尔 ＆C. Tul。（现在是Lepiota olbia（Tul。＆C.Tul。）JM Vidal和P.A. Moreau）和S. porphyreum G.Cunn 。（现为Cortinarius porphyroideus Peintner＆MM Moser）（Peintner等，lc； Vellinga等，lc；Borovička等在Mycol。Progr。10：149-155。2011； Ellottt和Trappe in Fungal Syst。Evol。 1：229–242。2018； Vidal等人，Bol。Micol。FAMCAL 10：47–71。2019）。另外，数种油桐属已与其他较早的分类单元同义（例如，坎宁安[lc]包括山形油樟属（Secotium acuminatum Mont。），沙丁草劳埃德（S. pedunculatum Lloyd），沙门氏菌S. zabolcsense Haszl。，沙门氏菌S. thunii Schulzer和沙门氏菌S. warnei（啄）在S. agaricoides [现在的Chlorophyllum agaricoides ]）下啄。目前，仅约15种非常稀有或鲜为人知的物种仍保留在Secotium中，鉴于其宏观和微观形态特征的差异，其中许多可能与gu。S. gueinzii类型无关。例如，S。coprinoides Routien是一个4毫米高的种，带有类鼻孢子孢子，仅从类型收集中知道（Routien in Mycologia 32：159–169。1940）。

叶绿素Massee（Bull。Misc。Inform。Kew。1898：135. 1898）目前可容纳27个描述的物种，其中18个在系统发育上得到确认（Ge等人，在MycoKeys 32：65-90。2018； Loizides等人， lc）。尽管该属最初是为容纳绿色孢子的菌种（以叶绿藻Massee为代表，现在称为C.钼辉石）而建立的，但系统发育研究表明，该菌属的形态是多样的，此前曾在Macrolepiota Singer和Leucoagaricus中放置了几种淡孢子菌种Locq。前歌手被证明在叶绿素中筑巢（Vellinga in Mycotaxon 83：415-417。2002； Vellinga in Austral。Syst。Bot。16：361-370。2003; Vellinga等，lc）。另外，类拟杆菌属Endoptychum Czern。（在Bull。Soc。Imp。Naturalistes Moscou 18（2）：132-157。1845中）被认为是叶绿素的同义词，因为系统发生研究表明，E。agaricoides Czern。类型也嵌套在叶绿素的枝条中（Vellinga，lc 2002）。 ； Vellinga等（lc）。在后一种情况下，叶绿素的通用名称相对于Endoptychum的通用名称是保守的，后者在时间上比前者优先（Vellinga＆De Kok in Taxon 51：563-564。2002）。从那时起，其他三种类脂素已添加到Chlorophyllum：C. arizonicum（剪切＆格里菲思）G.莫雷诺＆ALTES，一个物种以前归类于Secotium后来置于Endoptychum（歌手和史密斯在Brittonia 10：216-221 1958），和两个新的密切相关的物种，Ç lusitanicum G. Moreno等。和C. levantinum Loizides等。（Crous等人在Persoonia，35：264-327。2015； Loizides等人，LC）。因此，Chlorophyllum进化枝目前包含五个secotioid类群（C. agaricoides，C. arizonicum，S. gueinzii，C. levantinum，C. lusitanicum）在大多数具有变化的孢子形状和孢子颜色的大型非菌类物种中。

的系统发育位置Secotium gueinzii在Chlorophyllum产生了一个命名法的问题，因为通用名称Secotium（1840）在优先Chlorophyllum（1898年）。因此，除非通用名称叶绿素相对于Secotium而言是保守的，否则，当前放置在叶绿素中的所有琼脂类分类群都必须重新组合为类隐藻类Secotium。

我们认为后一种选择是不可取的，出于以下原因，建议正式保存叶绿素以对抗油棕：（1）叶绿素是在第一个类拟南芥类群重新归类到18年后，众所周知，它可以同时容纳类琼脂和类第二种; （2）术语从属名“secotioid”导出Secotium，从而内agaricoid类群的组合Secotium将是混乱; （3）混乱将避免关于该术语的公认的用法“secotioid”本身，那么这将仅指属的历史定义Secotium和不那么明显涉及笼统secotioid表型; （4）叶绿素包括常见的有毒物种C. molybdites（其通用类型是生物分类学的同义词），这在医生和毒理学家中都是众所周知的名称，对其名称的混淆可能会导致中毒治疗的危险延误。（5）Secotium中大多数分类单元的状态仍未解决，许多分类单元可能与gu。S. gueinzii类型以及彼此无关，或者与已经重组的物种（例如Chlorophyllum agaricoides）同义。; （6）相反，叶绿素中的大多数类群经过基因解析，并与相应的DNA序列紧密连接；（7）如果该提案被接受，则命名上的干扰将是最小的，因为所需的名称更改较少，最多可以重命名15种，而在拒绝该提案的情况下，名称更改为27种；（8）由于类似的原因，叶绿素已经被保护免受内生真菌的危害。