Sustainable development goals such as global food security and biodiversity conservation can conflict because these efforts create situations where humans and wildlife share landscapes, often leading to interactions that detrimentally affect both groups. Therefore, coexistence between humans and wildlife is more likely when adaptation strategies produce and sustain cobenefits, rather than benefitting one group only. However, we lack a good understanding of how different social and ecological factors contribute to cobenefit outcomes, which limits our opportunities to address local issues and scale up successful conservation actions. Here, we performed the first global review of the human–wildlife interaction literature to assess which human adaptation strategies generated cobenefits and how stakeholder involvement and other context‐specific conditions mediated those outcomes. We found that active guarding, fencing, repellents, and socioeconomic mechanisms consistently led to cobenefits across species and contexts. Thus, these interventions might be the best candidates for scaling up coexistence from local to regional or national scales. Surprisingly, stakeholder involvement was less consequential than other variables, yet, overall, it played an important role in sustaining cobenefits regardless of adaptation strategy or social–ecological context. We highlight future research directions to help manage tradeoffs and achieve sustainable coexistence outcomes in shared landscapes.

中文翻译：

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人类适应策略是人类与野生动物系统共同受益的关键

诸如全球粮食安全和生物多样性保护之类的可持续发展目标可能会冲突，因为这些努力造成了人类和野生动植物共享景观的局面，常常导致相互作用，对这两个群体都产生不利影响。因此，当适应策略产生并维持协同效益时，人类与野生动植物之间的共存更有可能，而不是仅使一个群体受益。但是，我们对不同的社会和生态因素如何促进协同效益的结果缺乏很好的了解，这限制了我们解决当地问题和扩大成功的保护行动的机会。这里，我们对人类与野生动物互动的文献进行了首次全球综述，以评估哪些人类适应策略产生了协同效益，以及利益相关者的参与和其他特定于环境的条件如何介导这些结果。我们发现，积极的防护，围栏，驱蚊剂和社会经济机制始终导致跨物种和环境的协同效益。因此，这些干预措施可能是从地方到地区或国家规模扩大共存的最佳人选。令人惊讶的是，利益相关者的参与没有其他变量那么重要，但总的来说，无论适应策略或社会生态环境如何，它在维持共同利益方面都发挥着重要作用。我们重点介绍了未来的研究方向，以帮助管理取舍并在共享环境中实现可持续的共存成果。