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The inducible defences of large mammals to human lethality
Functional Ecology ( IF 4.6 ) Pub Date : 2020-10-05 , DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.13685 Robert A. Montgomery 1, 2 , David W. Macdonald 2 , Matthew W. Hayward 3, 4, 5
中文翻译：
大型哺乳动物对人类致死力的诱导防御
更新日期：2020-12-07
Functional Ecology ( IF 4.6 ) Pub Date : 2020-10-05 , DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.13685 Robert A. Montgomery 1, 2 , David W. Macdonald 2 , Matthew W. Hayward 3, 4, 5
Affiliation
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- In the process of avoiding predation, prey are faced with potentially fitness‐compromising trade‐offs that have implications for their survival and reproduction. The nature and strength of these non‐consumptive effects at the population level can be equivalent, or even greater, than consumptive effects.
- Many prey species have evolved defence mechanisms that are induced by predation risk. These inducible defences can be morphological or behavioural in nature. Extensive research has detected these defences in predator–prey communities across freshwater, marine and terrestrial ecosystems. Among this vast research however, an influential portion of these systems has not been widely considered.
- Humans inhabit a level in trophic systems above apex predators. In that position, humans have been referred to as a hyperkeystone or super predator species as they have shown a capacity to consume animals at rates many times higher than any other non‐human species. However, the extent to which humans induce adaptive defences in animals is not as clear. Systems involving large mammals may be particularly well‐suited for the study of human‐induced defences given that these species have been disproportionately exploited (for food and competition) over evolutionary time by humans.
- To begin this process we first had to examine the context in which large mammals could adaptively evolve inducible defences in relation to human lethality. With the plausibility of these conditions satisfied, we then conducted an extensive review to document the inducible defences that have been detected in large mammals. All of the 187 studies reviewed documented the behavioural plasticity of large mammals to human lethality. No morphological adaptive defences were detected.
- However, the extent to which the observed behavioural plasticity of large mammals is representative of adaptive inducible defences remains unclear because the fitness trade‐offs (i.e. costs), an integral condition for inducible defences to evolve, were implied rather than quantified among close to 92% of this research. We make recommendations for renewed ingenuity in the development of field experiments that can quantify these costs and discuss the implications of human lethality on the ecology, conservation and management of large mammals.
中文翻译：
大型哺乳动物对人类致死力的诱导防御
- 在避免捕食的过程中，猎物面临着潜在的危害健康的折衷方案，这些折衷方案对其生存和繁殖产生了影响。这些非消费性影响在人口层面上的性质和强度可以等于或大于消费性影响。
- 许多猎物物种已经进化出了被捕食风险诱导的防御机制。这些可诱导的防御本质上可以是形态上的或行为上的。广泛的研究已经在淡水，海洋和陆地生态系统的捕食者－捕食者社区中发现了这些防御措施。然而，在这项庞大的研究中，尚未广泛考虑这些系统的影响力部分。
- 人类居住在尖顶掠食者之上的营养系统中。在这种情况下，人类被称为超级梯形或超级掠食性物种，因为它们具有消耗动物的能力，其消耗能力比任何其他非人类物种高出许多倍。然而，人类在动物中诱导适应性防御的程度尚不清楚。涉及大型哺乳动物的系统可能特别适合于人类诱导的防御系统的研究，因为这些物种已在人类的进化时间内被过度利用（用于食物和竞争）。
- 要开始这个过程，我们首先必须研究大型哺乳动物可以适应性地发展与人类致死性相关的诱导型防御的环境。在满足这些条件的合理性后，我们进行了广泛的审查，以记录在大型哺乳动物中发现的诱导型防御。所审查的全部187项研究均记录了大型哺乳动物对人类致死性的行为可塑性。未检测到形态学适应性防御。
- 但是，尚不清楚观察到的大型哺乳动物行为可塑性代表自适应诱导防御的程度，因为隐式权衡（即成本）是诱导防御发展的必要条件，是隐含的，而不是量化到接近92此研究的百分比。我们建议在田间实验的开发中重新创新，以量化这些成本，并讨论人类致死性对大型哺乳动物的生态，保护和管理的影响。
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