Nanotechnology has become one of the fastest growing industries in the current century because nanomaterials (NMs) are present in an ever-expanding range of consumer products increasing the chance of their release into natural environments. In this study, the impacts of two metal nanoparticles (Ag-NPs and CuO-NPs) and their equivalent ionic forms (Ag⁺ and Cu²⁺) were assessed on the lentic freshwater rotifer Brachionus calyciflorus and on its ability to adapt and recover through generations. In our study, Ag-NPs and CuO-NPs inhibited the rotifer population growth rate and caused mortality at low concentrations (< 100 μg L⁻¹). Ag-NPs and CuO-NPs decreased in the medium when organisms were present (48 h exposure: 51.1 % and 66.9 %, respectively), similarly Ag⁺ and Cu²⁺ also decreased from medium in presence of the organisms (48 h: 35.2 % and 47.3 %, respectively); although the metal concentrations removed from the medium were higher for nanoparticles than metal ions, metal ions showed higher effects then their respective nanoparticle forms. Rotifer populations exposed for 4 generations to the toxicants were able to recover the population growth rate, but some rotifers showed developmental delay and inability to reproduce even after the removal of the toxicants. Intracellular accumulation of reactive oxygen species as well as plasma membrane damage were found in the rotifers at concentrations corresponding to EC₁₀ (Ag-NPs = 1.7 μg L^-1, Ag⁺ = 4.5 μg L^-1, CuO-NPs = 46.9 μg L^-1, Cu²⁺ = 35 μg L^-1) of the population growth rate. Our results showed, for the first time, that effects of metal nanoparticles and metal ions on rotifer populations may persist along several generations. This should be taken into account when assessing risks of metal nanoparticles in freshwaters.

纳米技术已成为本世纪发展最快的行业之一，因为纳米材料（NMs）存在于不断扩大的消费产品范围内，从而增加了其释放到自然环境中的机会。在这项研究中，评估了两种金属纳米粒子（Ag-NPs和CuO-NPs）及其等效离子形式（Ag ⁺和Cu ²⁺）对扁豆淡水轮虫Brachionus calyciflorus的影响以及其适应和恢复能力。几代人。在我们的研究中，Ag-NPs和CuO-NPs抑制轮虫种群的生长速率，并在低浓度（<100μgL ^-1）。当存在生物时，培养基中的Ag-NPs和CuO-NPs减少（暴露48 h：分别为51.1％和66.9％），类似地，Ag ⁺和Cu ²⁺在有生物存在的情况下从培养基中也减少（分别为48小时：35.2％和47.3％）；尽管纳米颗粒从介质中去除的金属浓度比金属离子高，但是金属离子显示出比其各自的纳米颗粒形式更高的作用。暴露于毒物4代的轮虫种群能够恢复种群的生长速度，但是一些轮虫甚至在除去毒物后仍显示出发育延迟和繁殖能力。在轮虫中，在对应于EC ₁₀（Ag-NPs = 1.7μgL ^-1，Ag ⁺ = 4.5μgL ^-1，CuO-NPs = 46.9μgL的浓度）下，发现轮虫中细胞内活性氧的积累以及质膜的破坏^-1，Cu ²⁺ = 35μgL ^-1）的人口增长率。我们的结果首次表明，金属纳米颗粒和金属离子对轮虫种群的影响可能会持续数代。在评估淡水中金属纳米颗粒的风险时应考虑到这一点。