Immunotherapy with PD‐1 and PD‐L1 inhibitors has revolutionized the treatment for patients with NSCLC the last years with increased overall survival and in particular increased number of long‐time survivors in patients with metastatic disease. It is now a treatment of choice for patients with distant metastases (stage IV) and in conjunction with chemoradiotherapy for patients with limited spread confined to the chest (stage III). PD‐1 inhibition has been proven to be superior to standard chemotherapy, both as a single treatment and when combined with either chemotherapy or CTLA‐4 inhibition. Despite the success of immunotherapy, the majority of patients do not respond or relapse within a short time frame. Biomarkers that would help to properly select patients with a high likelihood of clinical response to PD‐1 and PD‐L1 inhibitors are scarce and far from optimal, and only one (PD‐L1 expression) has reached clinical practice. Thus for immunotherapy to be effective, the discovery and validation of additional biomarkers is critical for patient selection and prediction of clinical response. In this mini‐review, we give an overview of current clinical management of NSCLC including treatment landscape with regard to immunotherapy, as well as discuss the current genetic and immune cell biomarker studies and their potential for introduction into clinical practice.

中文翻译：

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非小细胞肺癌的免疫检查点阻断和临床反应生物标志物

近年来，PD-1和PD-1L1抑制剂的免疫疗法彻底改变了NSCLC患者的治疗方法，该方法提高了总生存率，尤其是转移性疾病患者的长期生存者增多。现在，它是具有远处转移的患者（IV期）的选择治疗，并且与放化疗结合的有限扩散至胸部的患者（III期）是一种选择。已经证明，PD-1抑制无论是作为单一治疗还是与化学疗法或CTLA-4抑制联合使用均优于标准化疗。尽管免疫疗法取得了成功，但大多数患者在短时间内仍无反应或复发。能够正确选择对PD-1和PD-1L1抑制剂临床反应可能性高的患者的生物标志物稀缺且远未达到最佳状态，只有一种（PD-1L表达）达到临床实践。因此，为了使免疫疗法有效，发现和验证其他生物标志物对于患者选择和临床反应预测至关重要。在本小型审查中，我们概述了NSCLC的当前临床管理，包括免疫疗法的治疗前景，并讨论了当前的遗传和免疫细胞生物标志物研究及其在临床实践中的应用潜力。其他生物标志物的发现和验证对于患者选择和临床反应预测至关重要。在本小型审查中，我们概述了NSCLC的当前临床管理，包括免疫疗法的治疗前景，并讨论了当前的遗传和免疫细胞生物标志物研究及其在临床实践中的应用潜力。其他生物标志物的发现和验证对于患者选择和临床反应预测至关重要。在本小型审查中，我们概述了NSCLC的当前临床管理，包括免疫疗法的治疗前景，并讨论了当前的遗传和免疫细胞生物标志物研究及其在临床实践中的应用潜力。