Neuroglia, including microglia and astrocytes, is a critical component of the central nervous system (CNS) that interacts with neurons to modulate brain activity, development, metabolism and signaling pathways. Thus, a better understanding of the role of neuroglia in the brain is critical. Complementing clinical and rodent data, the zebrafish (Danio rerio) is rapidly becoming an important model organism to probe the role of neuroglia in brain disorders. With high genetic and physiological similarity to humans and rodents, zebrafish possess some common (shared), as well as some specific molecular biomarkers and features of neuroglia development and functioning. Studying these common and zebrafish-specific aspects of neuroglia may generate important insights into key brain mechanisms, including neurodevelopmental, neurodegenerative, neuroregenerative and neurological processes. Here, we discuss the biology of neuroglia in humans, rodents and fish, its role in various CNS functions, and further directions of translational research into the role of neuroglia in CNS disorders using zebrafish models.

神经胶质细胞，包括小胶质细胞和星形胶质细胞，是中枢神经系统 (CNS) 的重要组成部分，它与神经元相互作用以调节大脑活动、发育、代谢和信号通路。因此，更好地了解神经胶质在大脑中的作用至关重要。补充临床和啮齿动物数据，斑马鱼(Danio rerio)正迅速成为探索神经胶质细胞在脑部疾病中的作用的重要模式生物。由于与人类和啮齿动物具有高度的遗传和生理相似性，斑马鱼拥有一些共同的（共享的）以及一些特定的分子生物标志物以及神经胶质细胞发育和功能的特征。研究神经胶质细胞的这些常见和斑马鱼特异性方面可能会产生对关键大脑机制的重要见解，包括神经发育、神经退行性、神经再生和神经过程。在这里，我们讨论了人类、啮齿动物和鱼类的神经胶质生物学、其在各种中枢神经系统功能中的作用，以及使用斑马鱼模型对神经胶质在中枢神经系统疾病中的作用进行转化研究的进一步方向。