Major driving forces can alter Land use/Land cover (LULC) dynamics and affect landscape sustainability around the Nile Delta of Egypt. The present study aims at evaluating and mapping changes in LULC and assessing the dynamics of LULC and Land Surface Temperature (LST) around the two branches of the Nile Delta, Egypt using Landsat data and GIS. Calibrated Landsat images were acquired on 2000, 2014 and 2019 and processed to produce LULC, environmental indices and LST, respectively, using ENVI 5.3. ArcGIS 10.1 was used to extract a transition map from 2000 to 2019 around the two branches. The results displayed that five classes of LULC were extracted around Damietta and Rosetta branches; water, urban, bare, dense and spare vegetation. A continuous increase in water was recorded around Damietta branch; 13.66 km2 (197%), 14.21 km2 (2.04%) and 16.54 km2 (2.30%) in 2000, 2014 and 2019, respectively. Also, urban area was increased around Damietta and Rosetta branch as follows: 53.6 km2 (7.72%), 58.34 (8.37%) and 90.37 km2 (13.70%) in 2000, 2014 and 2019, 59.55 km2 (6.809%), 104.16 (11.90%) and 149.77 km2 (17.11%) in 2000, 2014 and 2019, respectively. Urban achieved the highest gain of 24.807 and 85.70 km2 at the expense of dense vegetation around Damietta and Rosetta branch, respectively. The results showed that the decrease in vegetation and the increase in urban density lead to increasing LST of the study area. The changes in LST can be monitored depending on the construction materials such as the presence of green areas and topography. Urban and bare lands have the highest LST while the water bodies and vegetation temperature showed a tendency to decrease. It can be concluded that urban areas increased with annual rate 0.27 and 0.54 km2 and vegetation decreased with annual rate −0.57 and−0.55 km2 around Damietta and Rosetta branches from 2000 to 2019. Results showed that comprehensive index was 321.14 and 330.03 around Damietta and Rosetta branch, the higher the degree of development and exploitation. There has been a significant land use change which was due to an increase in population. Overall, this research provides valuable data about changes in LU/LC around the Nile Delta branches, it is very important for decision maker and stockholders for proper management.

中文翻译：

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用于评估埃及尼罗河三角洲附近土地利用/土地覆盖动态驱动力的地理空间分析

主要驱动力可以改变土地利用/土地覆盖 (LULC) 动态并影响埃及尼罗河三角洲周围的景观可持续性。本研究旨在评估和绘制 LULC 的变化，并使用 Landsat 数据和 GIS 评估埃及尼罗河三角洲两个分支周围的 LULC 和地表温度 (LST) 的动态。校准的 Landsat 图像是在 2000 年、2014 年和 2019 年采集的，并使用 ENVI 5.3 分别处理以生成 LULC、环境指数和 LST。使用ArcGIS 10.1提取了2000年至2019年两个分支周围的过渡图。结果表明，在Damietta和Rosetta分支周围提取了5类LULC；水，城市，裸露，茂密和备用的植被。达米埃塔支线周围的水量持续增加；13.66 平方公里 (197%)、14.21 平方公里 (2.04%) 和 16。2000 年、2014 年和 2019 年分别为 54 平方公里（2.30%）。此外，Damietta 和 Rosetta 分支周围的城市面积增加如下：53.6 平方公里（7.72%）、58.34（8.37%）和 90.37 平方公里（13.70%）在 2000、2014 和 2019 年，59.55 平方公里（6.8109%）。 %) 和 2000 年、2014 年和 2019 年的 149.77 平方公里 (17.11%)。Urban 分别以 Damietta 和 Rosetta 分支周围的茂密植被为代价，获得了最高的收益，分别为 24.807 和 85.70 平方公里。结果表明，植被的减少和城市密度的增加导致研究区LST增加。可以根据建筑材料（例如绿地和地形的存在）监测 LST 的变化。城市和裸地的 LST 最高，而水体和植被温度呈下降趋势。可以得出结论，2000-2019年，Damietta和Rosetta分支周围的城市面积以年均0.27和0.54 km2的速度增加，植被以年均-0.57和-0.55 km2的速度减少。 结果表明，Damietta和Rosetta周围的综合指数为321.14和330.03分支，开发和开发程度越高。由于人口增加，土地利用发生了重大变化。总体而言，这项研究提供了有关尼罗河三角洲分支机构周围 LU/LC 变化的宝贵数据，对于决策者和股东进行适当管理非常重要。03 围绕Damietta 和Rosetta 分支，开发和开发程度较高。由于人口增加，土地利用发生了重大变化。总体而言，这项研究提供了有关尼罗河三角洲分支机构周围 LU/LC 变化的宝贵数据，对于决策者和股东进行适当管理非常重要。03 围绕Damietta 和Rosetta 分支，开发和开发程度更高。由于人口增加，土地利用发生了重大变化。总体而言，这项研究提供了有关尼罗河三角洲分支机构周围 LU/LC 变化的宝贵数据，对于决策者和股东进行适当管理非常重要。