Clean Technologies and Environmental Policy ( IF 4.2 ) Pub Date : 2020-10-04 , DOI: 10.1007/s10098-020-01939-3 Rudolf Rechsteiner 1
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The German Energiewende (energy transition) started with price guarantees for avoidance activities and later turned to premiums and tenders. Dynamic efficiency was a core concept of this environmental policy. Out of multiple technologies wind and solar power—which were considered too expensive at the time—turned out to be cheaper than the use of oil, coal, gas or nuclear energy for power generation, even without considering externalities. The German minimum price policy opened doors in a competitive way, creating millions of new generators and increasing the number of market participants in the power sector. The fact that these new generators are distributed, non-synchronous and weather-dependent has caused contentious discussions and specific challenges. This paper discusses these aspects in detail and outlines its impacts. It also describes Swiss regulations that successfully launched avoidance technologies or services and asks why exactly Pigou's neoclassical economic approach to the internalization of damage costs (externalities) has rarely worked in policy reality, while sector-specific innovations based on small surcharges have been more successful. Based on the model of feed-in tariffs, a concept for the introduction of low-carbon air traffic is briefly outlined.
Graphic Abstract
中文翻译：
德国能源转型 (Energiewende) 以及政治家可以从环境和气候政策中学到什么
德国的 Energiewende（能源转型）从避免活动的价格保证开始，后来转向保费和投标。动态效率是该环境政策的核心概念。在当时被认为过于昂贵的多种技术中，即使不考虑外部性，风能和太阳能也比使用石油、煤炭、天然气或核能发电更便宜。德国的最低价格政策以一种竞争性的方式打开了大门，创造了数百万台新发电机，并增加了电力行业的市场参与者数量。这些新发电机是分布式的、非同步的和依赖天气的，这一事实引起了有争议的讨论和具体的挑战。本文详细讨论了这些方面并概述了其影响。它还描述了成功推出规避技术或服务的瑞士法规，并询问为什么庇古关于损害成本（外部性）内部化的新古典经济学方法在政策现实中很少奏效，而基于小额附加费的特定行业创新却更为成功。基于上网电价模型，简要概述了引入低碳空中交通的概念。
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