Abstract The collector efficiency, heat transfer, energy, and environmental emissions of water -based nanodiamond (ND) nanofluids circulate in flat plate solar collector (FPSC) has been analyzed experimentally. The analysis was performed at 0.2%, 0.4%, 0.6%, 0.8% and 1.0% particle concentrations, the stability and thermo-physical properties were also analyzed. The thermal conductivity and viscosity enhancements are 22.86% and 79.16% at particle loading of 1.0% against water data at 60 °C. The water and 1.0 vol% of ND/water nanofluids in collector shows efficiencies of 53% and 74%, respectively, which leads to 39.62% enhancement. The collector area was decreased to 28.66% with the use of 1.0 vol%of nanofluid against water data. The collector weight is decreased to 35.81 kg, at 1.0% particle loading, whereas the collector with water weighed 50 kg. The embodied energy of 1.0 vol% of nanofluid is decreased to 1039.51 MJ, whereas, the collector with water its embodied energy is 1451.4 MJ. The CO2 emissions were noticed as 249.98 kg by using 1.0 vol% of nanofluid in FPSC. Additionally, the Nusselt number and heat transfer is augmented to 32.31% and 52.33% at 1.0% vol% with a friction factor penalty of 1.26-times at a Reynolds number of 12,766 against water data. The obtained data is validated with literature and the general form of regression equations was developed in order to evaluate the Nusselt number and friction factor.

中文翻译：

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使用纳米金刚石纳米流体的平板太阳能集热器的性能、传热、能效和环境排放分析

摘要 通过实验分析了水基纳米金刚石（ND）纳米流体在平板太阳能集热器（FPSC）中循环的集热器效率、传热、能量和环境排放。分析在 0.2%、0.4%、0.6%、0.8% 和 1.0% 的颗粒浓度下进行，还分析了稳定性和热物理性质。相对于 60 °C 下的水数据，当颗粒负载为 1.0% 时，热导率和粘度提高了 22.86% 和 79.16%。收集器中水和 1.0 vol% ND/水纳米流体的效率分别为 53% 和 74%，提高了 39.62%。使用 1.0 vol% 的纳米流体对水数据的收集面积减少到 28.66%。收集器重量减少到 35.81 kg，颗粒负载量为 1.0%，而带水的收集器重量为 50 kg。1.0 vol% 纳米流体的隐含能量降低到 1039.51 MJ，而带有水的集热器的隐含能量为 1451.4 MJ。通过在 FPSC 中使用 1.0 vol% 的纳米流体，CO2 排放量为 249.98 kg。此外，在 1.0% vol% 时，努塞尔数和传热分别增加到 32.31% 和 52.33%，而在雷诺数为 12,766 时对水数据的摩擦系数损失为 1.26 倍。获得的数据与文献进行了验证，并开发了回归方程的一般形式，以评估努塞尔数和摩擦系数。在 1.0% vol% 时，努塞尔数和传热分别增加到 32.31% 和 52.33%，在雷诺数为 12,766 时，摩擦因数损失为 1.26 倍。获得的数据经过文献验证，并开发了回归方程的一般形式，以评估努塞尔数和摩擦系数。在 1.0% vol% 时，努塞尔数和传热分别增加到 32.31% 和 52.33%，在雷诺数为 12,766 时，摩擦因数损失为 1.26 倍。获得的数据与文献进行了验证，并开发了回归方程的一般形式，以评估努塞尔数和摩擦系数。