Introduction
Optimism is boosted by leaders hoping for job creation, increased business spending, and a high consumption rate. In this research, we assessed the hazardous side effect for global health policies stemming from this optimism: unrealistic optimism (being unrealistically optimistic about future negative events), which may be responsible for new infections and may prevent the eradication of COVID-19. The goal of the research was not only to assess whether this effect exists and to find out whether such an effect is global but also to evaluate whether there are groups resistant to this effect (presenting a potential toolkit for reducing this effect).

Material and methods
In May and April of 2020, online surveys were administered among students in Iran, Kazakhstan, and Poland respectively to assess the unrealistic optimism/pessimism. In study 1/objective 1, the survey was conducted twice (in a period of about 3 weeks) to assess the potential change (due to the anonymous codes delivered by the participants, we were able to make follow-ups between the same participants) in time in the 3 countries. In the first wave, 1611 participants took the survey. In the second wave, there were 1426 respondents. In study 2, the survey was conducted among 207 Polish healthcare workers of the frontline hospital.

Results
In study 1 across the 3 cultures (the first wave for unmatched data by the code of the specific participant F(1, 1608) = 419.2; p < 0.001, and for matched data F(1, 372) = 167.195; p < 0.001; ηp² = 0.31; ηp² = 0.21; the second wave for unmatched data F(1, 1423) = 359.61; p < 0.001; ηp² = 0.2, and for matched F(1, 372) = 166.84; p < 0.001; ηp² = 0.31), unrealistic optimism is present, and importantly it is constant in time. In study 2, unrealistic optimism was not found among healthcare professionals, who we hypothesized due to the medical knowledge are not inclined to be unrealistically optimistic t(206) = 1.06; p = 0.290, d = 0.07.

Conclusions
Medical education of COVID-19 severity might reduce unrealistic optimism, which may be the reason why pandemic restrictions are not being respected.



中文翻译：

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我们感染了新的变异病毒 UO-COVID-19

引言
领导者希望创造就业机会、增加商业支出和高消费率，这助长了乐观情绪。在这项研究中，我们评估了这种乐观主义对全球卫生政策的危险副作用：不切实际的乐观主义（对未来的负面事件不切实际地乐观），这可能导致新的感染并可能阻止 COVID-19 的根除。该研究的目的不仅是评估这种影响是否存在，并确定这种影响是否是全球性的，而且还评估是否存在对这种影响有抵抗力的群体（提出减少这种影响的潜在工具包）。

材料与方法
2020 年 5 月和 4 月，分别在伊朗、哈萨克斯坦和波兰的学生中进行了在线调查，以评估不切实际的乐观/悲观情绪。在研究 1/目标 1 中，进行了两次调查（在大约 3 周的时间内）以评估潜在的变化（由于参与者提供的匿名代码，我们能够在相同的参与者之间进行跟进）及时在3个国家。在第一波中，有 1611 名参与者参加了调查。在第二波中，有 1426 名受访者。在研究 2 中，调查是在前线医院的 207 名波兰医护人员中进行的。

结果
在 3 种文化的研究 1 中（第一波针对特定参与者的代码不匹配的数据 F(1, 1608) = 419.2；p < 0.001，对于匹配的数据 F(1, 372) = 167.195；p < 0.001 ; ηp² = 0.31; ηp² = 0.21; 不匹配数据的第二波 F(1, 1423) = 359.61; p < 0.001; ηp² = 0.2, 匹配 F(1, 372) = 166.84; p < 0.001; ηp² = 0.31），不切实际的乐观情绪是存在的，重要的是它在时间上是恒定的。在研究 2 中，在医疗保健专业人员中没有发现不切实际的乐观，我们假设由于医学知识不倾向于不切实际的乐观 t(206) = 1.06；p = 0.290，d = 0.07。

结论
COVID-19 严重程度的医学教育可能会减少不切实际的乐观情绪，这可能是不遵守大流行限制的原因。