Multi-Drug Resistant (MDR) Pseudomonas aeruginosa is one of the most important bacterial pathogens that causes infection with a high mortality rate due to resistance to different antibiotics. This bacterium prompts extensive tissue damage with varying factors of virulence, and its biofilm production causes chronic and antibiotic-resistant infections. Therefore, due to the non-applicability of antibiotics for the destruction of P. aeruginosa biofilm, alternative approaches have been considered by researchers, and phage therapy is one of these new therapeutic solutions. Bacteriophages can be used to eradicate P. aeruginosa biofilm by destroying the extracellular matrix, increasing the permeability of antibiotics into the inner layer of biofilm, and inhibiting its formation by stopping the quorum-sensing activity. Furthermore, the combined use of bacteriophages and other compounds with anti-biofilm properties such as nanoparticles, enzymes, and natural products can be of more interest because they invade the biofilm by various mechanisms and can be more effective than the one used alone. On the other hand, the use of bacteriophages for biofilm destruction has some limitations such as limited host range, high-density biofilm, sub-populate phage resistance in biofilm, and inhibition of phage infection via quorum sensing in biofilm. Therefore, in this review, we specifically discuss the use of phage therapy for inhibition of P. aeruginosa biofilm in clinical and in vitro studies to identify different aspects of this treatment for broader use.

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针对铜绿假单胞菌生物膜的噬菌体疗法：综述

多重耐药（MDR）铜绿假单胞菌是最重要的细菌病原体之一，由于对不同抗生素产生耐药性，导致感染死亡率很高。这种细菌具有不同的毒力因素，会引起广泛的组织损伤，其生物膜的产生会导致慢性和抗生素耐药性感染。因此，由于抗生素不适用于破坏铜绿假单胞菌生物膜，研究人员已考虑替代方法，噬菌体疗法就是这些新的治疗解决方案之一。噬菌体可通过破坏细胞外基质、增加抗生素对生物膜内层的渗透性以及通过停止群体感应活性来抑制其形成来根除铜绿假单胞菌生物膜。此外，结合使用噬菌体和其他具有抗生物膜特性的化合物（例如纳米颗粒、酶和天然产物）可能更令人感兴趣，因为它们通过各种机制侵入生物膜，并且比单独使用更有效。另一方面，使用噬菌体破坏生物膜具有一些局限性，例如有限的宿主范围、高密度生物膜、生物膜中的亚群噬菌体抗性以及通过生物膜中的群体感应抑制噬菌体感染。因此，在这篇综述中，我们特别讨论了在临床和体外研究中使用噬菌体疗法抑制铜绿假单胞菌生物膜，以确定该疗法的不同方面以供更广泛的应用。