The mouse is one of the most widely used model organisms for genetic study. The tools available to alter the mouse genome have developed over the preceding decades from forward screens to gene targeting in stem cells to the recent influx of CRISPR approaches. In this review, we first consider the history of mice in genetic study, the development of classic approaches to genome modification, and how such approaches have been used and improved in recent years. We then turn to the recent surge of nuclease-mediated techniques and how they are changing the field of mouse genetics. Finally, we survey common classes of alleles used in mice and discuss how they might be engineered using different methods.

中文翻译：

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最强大的武器库：构建更好小鼠的基因技术


小鼠是遗传研究中使用最广泛的模型生物之一。在过去的几十年里，可用于改变小鼠基因组的工具不断发展，从正向筛选到干细胞中的基因靶向，再到最近涌现的 CRISPR 方法。在这篇综述中，我们首先考虑了小鼠基因研究的历史、基因组修饰经典方法的发展，以及近年来如何使用和改进这些方法。然后我们转向最近兴起的核酸酶介导技术以及它们如何改变小鼠遗传学领域。最后，我们调查了小鼠中使用的常见等位基因类别，并讨论了如何使用不同的方法对其进行改造。