The efficacy and safety of dry and wet formulations of three nonsynthetic compounds, oxalic acid (OA), thymol (T), and oregano oil (OO), for the control of Varroa destructor Anderson and Trueman infestations in honey bee (Apis mellifera Linnaeus) colonies were determined. The treatments were OA in dust, OA diluted in glycerin solvent embedded in a towel, T in dust, T in glycerin solvent and towel, OO in dry microcapsules, OO in glycerin solvent and towel, and the control. The treatments were applied weekly for 4 wk during the fall season. The rates of acaricide efficacy, weekly mite fall, bee mortality, colony survivorship, and strength, were determined for each of the treatments. All formulations, with the exemption of OO microcapsules, were effective at controlling infestations of V. destructor. The most effective formulations were T dust (96.6%), T glycerin (92.4%), and OA glycerin (79%). More than 85% of the mites were killed during the first 2 wk of treatment with T formulations, compared to less than 30% for the OA glycerin formulation. The lowest efficacy rate was for OO microcapsules (21.3%), and the only treatment that significantly increased bee mortality was OA glycerin. The rates of winter colony survival and honey bee populations were related to the varroacidal efficacy of the formulations. The implications of these findings are discussed.

中文翻译：

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草酸、百里酚和牛至油干湿制剂对蜜蜂（膜翅目：蜂科）群体中瓦螨（螨：Varroidae）控制的评价

三种非合成化合物草酸 (OA)、百里酚 (T) 和牛至油 (OO) 的干湿制剂用于控制蜜蜂 (Apis mellifera Linnaeus) 中的安德森瓦螨和 Trueman 侵染的功效和安全性菌落被确定。处理方式为粉尘中的OA、嵌入毛巾的甘油溶剂稀释的OA、粉尘中的T、甘油溶剂和毛巾中的T、干燥微胶囊中的OO、甘油溶剂和毛巾中的OO以及对照。在秋季期间每周进行处理，持续 4 周。确定每种处理的杀螨剂效力、每周螨虫掉落、蜜蜂死亡率、群体存活率和强度的比率。除了 OO 微胶囊外，所有制剂均能有效控制破坏弧菌的侵染。最有效的配方是 T 粉尘 (96. 6%)、T 甘油 (92.4%) 和 OA 甘油 (79%)。在用 T 制剂处理的前 2 周期间，超过 85% 的螨被杀死，而 OA 甘油制剂的杀螨率低于 30%。最低的有效率是 OO 微胶囊 (21.3%)，唯一显着增加蜜蜂死亡率的治疗是 OA 甘油。冬季菌落存活率和蜜蜂种群与制剂的抗氧化功效有关。讨论了这些发现的含义。冬季菌落存活率和蜜蜂种群与制剂的抗氧化功效有关。讨论了这些发现的含义。冬季菌落存活率和蜜蜂种群与制剂的抗氧化功效有关。讨论了这些发现的含义。