Silicon (Si) has been widely used in advanced energy technologies including solar cells and secondary batteries because of its unique properties. However, up to now, the highest conversion efficiency of solar cells for silicon is just over 26%. Furthermore, during charge–discharge cycles, the Si voluminal expansion has been considered seriously, which greatly reduces the cycle life of the solar cell. Therefore, many research efforts have been focusing on the development of new phase, nanostructure, and pathways for improving the conversion efficiency and the cycle life of Si-based energy devices. In this review article, advanced methods, such as in situ transmission electron microscope nanomechanical testing, nanoscratching, nanoindentation, scratching at the nanoscale, and micrometer examination of the deformation-induced nanostructure of Si, are first presented. Subsequently, deformation-induced nanostructures in Si are proposed, in which the nanostructures are fabricated by a developed setup and novel diamond wheels. A new phase and a pathway in Si are manufactured and demonstrated by this setup. Finally, the perspectives and challenges of deformation-induced Si nanostructures for future developments are discussed.

中文翻译：

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变形诱导硅纳米结构

硅 (Si) 因其独特的特性而被广泛应用于太阳能电池和二次电池等先进能源技术中。然而，到目前为止，硅太阳能电池的最高转换效率仅略高于26%。此外，在充放电循环过程中，Si的体积膨胀被认真考虑，这大大降低了太阳能电池的循环寿命。因此，许多研究工作一直集中在开发新相、纳米结构和提高硅基能源装置转换效率和循环寿命的途径上。在这篇综述文章中，先进的方法，如原位透射电子显微镜纳米力学测试、纳米划痕、纳米压痕、纳米级划痕和硅变形诱导纳米结构的微米检测，首先介绍。随后，提出了硅中的变形诱导纳米结构，其中纳米结构是通过开发的装置和新型金刚石砂轮制造的。通过此设置制造并演示了 Si 中的新相和路径。最后，讨论了变形诱导硅纳米结构对未来发展的前景和挑战。