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Distinguishing multicellular life on exoplanets by testing Earth as an exoplanet
International Journal of Astrobiology ( IF 1.7 ) Pub Date : 2020-10-01 , DOI: 10.1017/s1473550420000270
Christopher E. Doughty , Andrew J. Abraham , James Windsor , Michael Mommert , Michael Gowanlock , Tyler Robinson , David E. Trilling

Can multicellular life be distinguished from single cellular life on an exoplanet? We hypothesize that abundant upright photosynthetic multicellular life (trees) will cast shadows at high sun angles that will distinguish them from single cellular life and test this using Earth as an exoplanet. We first test the concept using unmanned aerial vehicles at a replica moon-landing site near Flagstaff, Arizona and show trees have both a distinctive reflectance signature (red edge) and geometric signature (shadows at high sun angles) that can distinguish them from replica moon craters. Next, we calculate reflectance signatures for Earth at several phase angles with POLDER (Polarization and Directionality of Earth's reflectance) satellite directional reflectance measurements and then reduce Earth to a single pixel. We compare Earth to other planetary bodies (Mars, the Moon, Venus and Uranus) and hypothesize that Earth's directional reflectance will be between strongly backscattering rocky bodies with no weathering (like Mars and the Moon) and cloudy bodies with more isotropic scattering (like Venus and Uranus). Our modelling results put Earth in line with strongly backscattering Mars, while our empirical results put Earth in line with more isotropic scattering Venus. We identify potential weaknesses in both the modelled and empirical results and suggest additional steps to determine whether this technique could distinguish upright multicellular life on exoplanets.

中文翻译:

通过测试地球作为系外行星来区分系外行星上的多细胞生命

可以将多细胞生命与系外行星上的单细胞生命区分开来吗?我们假设丰富的直立光合作用多细胞生命(树木)将在高太阳角度投下阴影,从而将它们与单细胞生命区分开来,并使用地球作为系外行星进行测试。我们首先在亚利桑那州弗拉格斯塔夫附近的一个复制月球着陆点使用无人驾驶飞行器测试该概念,并展示树木具有独特的反射特征(红色边缘)和几何特征(高太阳角度下的阴影),可以将它们与复制月球区分开来陨石坑。接下来,我们使用 POLDER(地球反射率的极化和方向性)卫星定向反射率测量来计算地球在几个相位角的反射率特征,然后将地球缩小到单个像素。我们将地球与其他行星体(火星、月球、金星和天王星)进行比较,并假设地球的定向反射率将介于没有风化的强烈后向散射岩体(如火星和月球)和具有更多各向同性散射的云体(如金星)之间和天王星)。我们的建模结果使地球与强烈后向散射的火星一致,而我们的经验结果使地球与更具各向同性散射的金星一致。我们确定了建模和实证结果中的潜在弱点,并提出了额外的步骤来确定这种技术是否可以区分系外行星上的直立多细胞生命。定向反射率将介于没有风化的强烈反向散射的岩体(如火星和月球)和具有更多各向同性散射的云体(如金星和天王星)之间。我们的建模结果使地球与强烈后向散射的火星一致,而我们的经验结果使地球与更具各向同性散射的金星一致。我们确定了建模和实证结果中的潜在弱点,并提出了额外的步骤来确定这种技术是否可以区分系外行星上的直立多细胞生命。定向反射率将介于没有风化的强烈反向散射的岩体(如火星和月球)和具有更多各向同性散射的云体(如金星和天王星)之间。我们的建模结果使地球与强烈后向散射的火星一致,而我们的经验结果使地球与更具各向同性散射的金星一致。我们确定了建模和实证结果中的潜在弱点,并提出了额外的步骤来确定这种技术是否可以区分系外行星上的直立多细胞生命。
更新日期:2020-10-01
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