Flowering plants, or angiosperms, consist of more than 300,000 species, far more than any other land plant lineages. The accumulated evidence indicates that multiple ancient polyploidy events occurred around 100 to 120 million years ago during the Cretaceous and drove the early diversification of four major clades of angiosperms: gamma whole‐genome triplication in the common ancestor of core eudicots, tau whole‐genome duplication during the early diversification of monocots, lambda whole‐genome duplication during the early diversification of magnoliids, and pi whole‐genome duplication in the Nymphaeales lineage. These four polyploidy events have played essential roles in the adaptive evolution and diversification of major clades of flowering plants. Here, we specifically review the current understanding of this wave of ancient whole‐genome duplications and their evolutionary significance. Notably, although these ancient whole‐genome duplications occurred independently, they have contributed to the expansion of many stress‐related genes (e.g., heat shock transcription factors and Arabidopsis response regulators)，and these genes could have been selected for by global environmental changes in the Cretaceous. Therefore, this ancient wave of paleopolyploidy events could have significantly contributed to the adaptation of angiosperms to environmental changes, and potentially promoted the wide diversification of flowering plants.

中文翻译：

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开花植物中的古代多倍体化事件及其对环境胁迫的适应性

开花植物（或被子植物）由30万多个物种组成，远远超过任何其他陆地植物谱系。积累的证据表明，大约在100到1.2亿年前的白垩纪发生了多次古老的多倍体事件，并推动了被子植物四个主要进化枝的早期多样化：在核心双子叶植物的共同祖先中进行了伽马全基因组三联，tau全基因组重复。在单子叶植物的早期多样化过程中，在木兰的早期多样化过程中，λ全基因组复制和piNymphaeales世系中的全基因组重复。这四个多倍体事件在开花植物主要进化枝的适应性进化和多样化中起着至关重要的作用。在这里，我们专门回顾当前对古代全基因组复制浪潮的当前理解及其进化意义。值得注意的是，尽管这些古老的全基因组重复发生是独立发生的，但它们促进了许多与压力相关的基因（例如，热激转录因子和拟南芥反应调节因子）的扩展，这些基因可能是由于全球环境变化而选择的。白垩纪。因此，这种古老的古多倍体事件浪潮可能为被子植物适应环境变化做出了重要贡献，