There is emerging concern about the potential health and environmental impacts of nanoplastics in the environment. Information on exposure has been lacking, but a growing amount of ecotoxicological hazard data is now available, allowing a hazard assessment to be conducted for nanoplastics in freshwater and marine systems. Based on a critical evaluation of published studies and the construction of probabilistic species sensitivity distributions (PSSDs), we present a comprehensive, state‐of‐the‐art understanding of nanoplastic ecotoxicity. Different freshwater and marine datasets were constructed based on different data quality levels, and for each of the datasets, PSSDs were built for both mass‐ and particle number‐based concentrations. Predicted no‐effect concentrations (PNECs) were then extracted from the PSSDs. We report PNECs at 99 and 72 μg L^–1, respectively, for the freshwater and marine dataset after the removal of data measured in the presence of sodium azide (NaN₃), which is considered to be a major interfering factor in the ecotoxicity testing of nanoplastics. By comparing the PNECs, we found that nanoplastics are less toxic than microplastics and many engineered nanomaterials. In addition, the effects of size and polymer type on toxicity were also statistically tested. We observed no significant difference in ecotoxicity for nanoplastics of different sizes, whereas polystyrene nanoplastics were significantly more toxic than all other tested nanoplastics. In conclusion, the results we present provide a comprehensive description of nanoplastic ecotoxicity based on current knowledge. The results constitute a fundamental step toward an environmental risk assessment for nanoplastics in freshwater and marine systems. Environ Toxicol Chem 2020;39:2588–2598. © 2020 The Authors. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of SETAC.

中文翻译：

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海洋和淡水系统中纳米塑料生态毒理学危害数据的荟萃分析


人们越来越担心环境中纳米塑料对健康和环境的潜在影响。有关暴露的信息一直缺乏，但现在可以获得越来越多的生态毒理学危害数据，从而可以对淡水和海洋系统中的纳米塑料进行危害评估。基于对已发表研究的批判性评估和概率物种敏感性分布（PSSD）的构建，我们对纳米塑料生态毒性提出了全面、最先进的理解。根据不同的数据质量水平构建了不同的淡水和海洋数据集，并且对于每个数据集，针对基于质量和颗粒数量的浓度构建了 PSSD。然后从 PSSD 中提取预测无效应浓度 (PNEC)。在去除叠氮化钠 (NaN ₃ ) 存在下测量的数据后，我们报告的淡水和海洋数据集的 PNEC 分别为 99 和 72 μg L ^–1 ，叠氮化钠 (NaN 3 ) 被认为是生态毒性测试中的主要干扰因素纳米塑料。通过比较 PNEC，我们发现纳米塑料的毒性低于微塑料和许多工程纳米材料。此外，还对尺寸和聚合物类型对毒性的影响进行了统计测试。我们观察到不同尺寸的纳米塑料的生态毒性没有显着差异，而聚苯乙烯纳米塑料的毒性明显高于所有其他测试的纳米塑料。总之，我们提出的结果根据现有知识提供了纳米塑料生态毒性的全面描述。这些结果构成了淡水和海洋系统中纳米塑料环境风险评估的基本一步。 环境毒理学化学2020；39：2588–2598。 © 2020 作者。环境毒理学和化学由 Wiley periodicals LLC 代表 SETAC 出版。