Lysosomes are in the center of the cellular control of catabolic and anabolic processes. These membrane-surrounded acidic organelles contain around 70 hydrolases, 200 membrane proteins, and numerous accessory proteins associated with the cytosolic surface of lysosomes. Accessory and transmembrane proteins assemble in signaling complexes that sense and integrate multiple signals and transmit the information to the nucleus. This communication allows cells to respond to changes in multiple environmental conditions, including nutrient levels, pathogens, energy availability, and lysosomal damage, with the goal of restoring cellular homeostasis. This review summarizes our current understanding of the major molecular players and known pathways that are involved in control of metabolic and stress responses that either originate from lysosomes or regulate lysosomal functions.

溶酶体是分解代谢和合成代谢过程的细胞控制中心。这些被膜包围的酸性细胞器含有大约 70 种水解酶、200 种膜蛋白和许多与溶酶体细胞质表面相关的辅助蛋白。辅助蛋白和跨膜蛋白组装成信号复合物，这些复合物感知和整合多个信号并将信息传递到细胞核。这种交流使细胞能够对多种环境条件的变化做出反应，包括营养水平、病原体、能量可用性和溶酶体损伤，以恢复细胞稳态。