Combination of conservation agricultural practices such as reduced tillage and complex cropping systems can improve soil quality. However, the different effects of conservation practices on soil physicochemical and microbiological parameters need to be monitored, since distinct managements, crops, regions and soil types can lead to different responses. In addition, seasonality can also affect these parameters, leading to changes associated with the environmental conditions, such as temperature and moisture. To better detect differences in soil quality between agricultural practices, the most appropriate season of sampling must be identified. Therefore, the objective of this study was to assess the changes in soil physicochemical and microbiological parameters between four different agricultural practices from a 7-year experiment along two seasons with contrasting soil water content. We analyzed the differences in physicochemical and microbiological parameters, including soil organic matter (SOM), aggregates mean weight diameter (MWD), water stability of aggregates (WSA), soil pH, total nitrogen (soil N), soil C:N ratio, microbial biomass-C (MB-C), N (MB-N), and C:N ratio (MB-C:N), basal respiration, metabolic quotient (qCO₂) and microbial quotient (MB-C:soil C), between the agricultural practices of conventional tillage with maize monoculture (CTM), no-till with maize monoculture (NTM), no-till with annual rotation of maize and soybean monoculture (NTM/S), no-till with annual rotation of maize intercropped with Brachiaria rhuziziensis and soybean monoculture (NTMB/S) compared to a long-term fallow (>40 years secondary forest) at the Brazilian coastal tablelands in both winter (rainy) and summer (dry) seasons. Results indicated that the physicochemical and mostly the microbiological variables were changed between seasons. Among the practices, NTMB/S and fallow showed higher, while NTM/S and CTM showed lower soil physicochemical quality. The differences between agricultural practices were most obvious in the summer. Moreover, the microbiological and physicochemical data were correlated in the summer, but not in the winter. WSA was the variable most distinctive between practices, stable between seasons and correlated with the changes in microbial biomass/activity. On the other hand, qCO₂ and mainly MB-C were the microbial parameters more associated with the increase in soil quality between the practices. In sum, we show that the benefits of conservation agriculture for soil quality in this region were most obvious in the summer and depended on the agricultural practices, with NTMB/S showing the greatest conservation of soil physicochemical quality.

减少耕作和复杂的耕作制度等保护性农业做法的结合可以改善土壤质量。但是，由于不同的管理方式，作物，地区和土壤类型可能导致不同的响应，因此有必要监测保护措施对土壤理化和微生物参数的不同影响。此外，季节性还会影响这些参数，导致与环境条件（例如温度和湿度）相关的变化。为了更好地发现农业实践之间土壤质量的差异，必须确定最合适的采样季节。因此，这项研究的目的是评估从两个含水量不同的两个季节进行的为期7年的实验，从四个季节的不同农业实践中，评估土壤理化和微生物参数的变化。我们分析了物理化学和微生物学参数的差异，包括土壤有机质（SOM），团聚体平均重径（MWD），团聚体的水稳定性（WSA），土壤pH，总氮（土壤N），土壤C：N比，微生物生物量-C（MB-C），N（MB-N）和C：N比（MB-C：N），基础呼吸，代谢商（q CO ₂）和微生物商（MB-C：土壤C），用玉米单作（CTM常规耕作的农业实践）之间，免耕玉米单作（NTM），免耕玉米和大豆的年度旋转单一种植（NTM / S），免耕，一年生玉米与间日芥属之间的轮作冬季（雨季）和夏季（旱季）与巴西沿海平原的长期休耕（> 40年的次生林）相比，大豆和大豆单作（NTMB / S）。结果表明，理化变量和大部分微生物变量在季节之间有所变化。在实践中，NTMB / S和休耕表现较高，而NTM / S和CTM表现出较低的土壤理化质量。在夏天，农业实践之间的差异最为明显。此外，夏季的微生物学和理化数据相关，而冬季则不相关。WSA是不同实践之间最明显的变量，在不同季节之间稳定，并且与微生物生物量/活性的变化相关。另一方面，q CO ₂两次实践之间，主要是MB-C是与土壤质量提高相关的微生物参数。总之，我们发现，夏季保护性农业对土壤质量的好处最明显，并且取决于农业实践，NTMB / S显示出土壤物理化学质量的保护作用最大。