A dairy-originated probiotic bacterium, Propionibacterium freudenreichii subsp. freudenreichii B3523 (PF) was found to be effective in reducing multidrug-resistant Salmonella Heidelberg (MDR SH) colonization in turkey poults (2-wk-old) and growing (7-wk-old) and finishing (12-wk-old) turkeys. In this study, we explored the potential for microbiome modulation in the cecum of turkeys of different age groups due to PF supplementation in conjunction with MDR SH challenge. One day-old commercial turkey poults were allocated to three treatment groups: negative control (N; turkeys without PF supplementation or SH challenge), SH control (S; turkeys challenged with SH without PF supplementation) and test group (P; turkeys supplemented with PF and challenged with SH). Turkeys were supplemented with 10¹⁰ CFU PF in 5-gallon (18.9 L) water until 7- or 12-wk of age. At the 6^th or 11^th wk, turkeys were challenged with SH at 10⁶ and 10⁸ CFU/bird by crop gavage, respectively. After 2- and 7 d of challenge (2-d PI and 7-d PI, respectively), cecal samples were collected, and microbiome analysis was conducted using Illumina MiSeq. The experiments were repeated twice with 8 and 10 turkeys/ group for 7- and 12 wk studies, respectively. Results indicated that the species richness and abundance (Shannon diversity index) was similar among the treatment groups. However, treatments caused apparent clustering of the samples amongst each other (P<0.05). Firmicutes was the predominant phylum in the growing and finishing turkey cecum which was evenly distributed among the treatments except on wk 12 where the relative abundance of Firmicutes was significantly higher in P compared to N (P=0.02). The MDR SH challenge resulted in modulation of microflora such as Streptococcus, Gordonibacter, and Turicibacter (P<0.05) in S groups compared to the P and N groups, known to be associated with inflammatory responses in birds and mammals. The supplementation of PF increased the relative abundance of carbohydrate-fermenting and short-chain fatty acid-producing genera in P groups compared to S (P<0.05). Moreover, the results revealed that PF supplementation potentially modulated the beneficial microbiota in the P group, which could mitigate SH carriage in turkeys.

乳制品起源的益生菌，丙酸丙酸杆菌亚种。发现freudenreichii B3523（PF）可有效降低耐多药沙门氏菌海德堡（MDR SH）在火鸡家禽（2周龄）和生长中（7周龄）和育成（12周龄）火鸡中定植。在这项研究中，我们探索了由于补充PF和MDR SH挑战而导致的不同年龄组火鸡盲肠中微生物组调节的潜力。将一天大的商业火鸡家禽分为三个治疗组：阴性对照组（N；未添加PF或SH攻击的火鸡），SH对照（S；未添加PF的SH攻击的火鸡）和测试组（P；火鸡添加了PF） PF，并向SH挑战）。土耳其在5加仑（18.9升）水中补充了10 ¹⁰ CFU PF，直到7周或12周龄。在6^个或11^个周，火鸡用SH在10攻击⁶分别通过饲喂管和每只鸟10 ⁸ CFU。攻击2 d和7 d后（分别为2 d PI和7 d PI），收集盲肠样品，并使用Illumina MiSeq进行微生物组分析。实验分别以8和10只火鸡/组重复两次，分别进行7周和12周的研究。结果表明，治疗组之间的物种丰富度和丰度（香农多样性指数）相似。但是，处理导致样品之间出现明显的聚类（P <0.05）。Firmicutes是生长和完成的土耳其盲肠中最主要的门，除第12周外，P中的Firmicutes相对丰度显着高于N（P= 0.02）。与P和N组相比，S组的MDR SH攻击导致了微生物群的调节，例如链球菌，球菌和Turicibacter（P <0.05），这与鸟类和哺乳动物的炎症反应有关。与S组相比，P组补充PF可增加碳水化合物发酵和短链脂肪酸产生属的相对丰富度（P <0.05）。此外，结果表明，PF补充剂可能会调节P组的有益菌群，从而减轻火鸡中SH的运输。