Human pluripotent stem cells such as embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) provide unprecedented opportunities for cell therapies against intractable diseases and injuries. Both ESCs and iPSCs are already being used in clinical trials. However, we continue to encounter practical issues that limit their use, including their inherent properties of tumorigenicity, immunogenicity, and heterogeneity. Here, I review two decades of research aimed at overcoming these three difficulties.

中文翻译：

---

多能干细胞为基础的细胞疗法—承诺和挑战

人类多能干细胞，例如胚胎干细胞（ESC）和诱导性多能干细胞（iPSC），为针对顽固性疾病和损伤的细胞疗法提供了前所未有的机会。ESC和iPSC已经在临床试验中使用。但是，我们继续遇到限制其使用的实际问题，包括其固有的致瘤性，免疫原性和异质性。在这里，我回顾了旨在克服这三个困难的二十年研究。