Developing artificial muscles that can replace biological muscles to accomplish various tasks is what we have long been aiming for. Recent advances in flexible materials and 3D printing technology greatly promote the development of artificial muscle technology. A variety of flexible material-based artificial muscles that are driven by different external stimuli, including pressure, voltage, light, magnetism, temperature, etc., have been developed. Among these, fluid-driven artificial muscles (FAMs), which can convert the power of fluid (gas or liquid) into the force output and displacement of flexible materials, are the most widely used actuation methods for industrial robots, medical instruments, and human-assisted devices due to their simplicity, excellent safety, large actuation force, high energy efficiency, and low cost. Herein, the bio-design, manufacturing, sensing, control, and applications of FAMs are introduced, including conventional pneumatic/hydraulic artificial muscles and several innovative artificial muscles driven by functional fluids. What’s more, the challenges and future directions of FAMs are discussed.

我们长期以来一直致力于开发可以替代生物肌肉来完成各种任务的人造肌肉。柔性材料和3D打印技术的最新进展极大地推动了人造肌肉技术的发展。已经开发了由不同的外部刺激驱动的各种基于柔性材料的人造肌肉，包括压力，电压，光，磁性，温度等。其中，流体驱动的人造肌肉（FAM）可以将流体（气体或液体）的动力转换成柔性材料的力输出和位移，是工业机器人，医疗器械和人类最广泛使用的致动方法。辅助设备，因为它们简单，安全性高，驱动力大，能效高且成本低。在这里 介绍了FAM的生物设计，制造，传感，控制和应用，包括常规的气动/液压人工肌肉和功能流体驱动的几种创新人工肌肉。此外，还讨论了FAM的挑战和未来方向。