As global temperatures rise, plants are being increasingly exposed to high-temperature stress. Although long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are regulatory elements of gene expression under heat stress in trees, the limitation of sequencing technology and methods in identifying lncRNAs has hindered the exploration of their roles. To explore the role of lncRNAs in response to heat stress, we treated Populus simonii seedlings at 40 °C for 1 h and performed third-generation sequencing (Iso-Seq) and high-throughput RNA sequencing (RNA-seq). A total of 239,142,803 short reads were used to correct 101,791 long reads (average length 2400 bp) resulting in 101,791 full-length transcripts and representing 45,217 genes. Then, 829 lncRNAs were identified, including 757 sense lncRNAs (91.31%), 25 long intergenic non-coding RNAs (3.02%), seven antisense lncRNAs (0.84%), and 40 sense intronic lncRNAs (4.83%). Using the criteria |log2Fold Change| ≥ 1 and q-value < 0.05, 2787 genes and 21 lncRNAs were observed to be differentially expressed under heat stress. Functional annotation showed that these genes were associated with “response to stress”, “response to stimulus”, and “unfolded protein binding”. Furthermore, 149 genes were predicted as targets of 17 significantly differentially expressed lncRNAs. A total of 11 genes in significantly enriched gene ontology (GO) terms were annotated, including four genes encoding disease resistance proteins targeted by lncPs2 and seven eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2D (eIF2D) genes targeted by lncPs3. Expression and functional analysis revealed that lncPs3 and five eIF2Ds were synergistically upregulated, indicating that lncPs3 may enhance protein translation by regulating eIF2D in response to heat stress.

中文翻译：

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第三代测序表明LncRNA可以调节eIF2D以增强西蒙杨热应激下的蛋白质翻译

随着全球气温升高，植物越来越多地暴露在高温胁迫下。尽管长链非编码 RNA (lncRNA) 是树木热应激下基因表达的调控元件，但测序技术和方法在识别 lncRNA 方面的局限性阻碍了对其作用的探索。为了探索 lncRNAs 在响应热应激中的作用，我们在 40 °C 下处理杨树幼苗 1 小时，并进行了第三代测序 (Iso-Seq) 和高通量 RNA 测序 (RNA-seq)。总共使用 239,142,803 个短读段来校正 101,791 个长读段（平均长度 2400 bp），产生 101,791 个全长转录本，代表 45,217 个基因。然后，鉴定出829条lncRNA，包括757条有义lncRNA（91.31%）、25条长基因间非编码RNA（3.02%）、7条反义lncRNA（0. 84%) 和 40 个有义内含子 lncRNA (4.83%)。使用标准 |log2Fold Change| ≥ 1 且 q 值 < 0.05，观察到 2787 个基因和 21 个 lncRNA 在热应激下差异表达。功能注释表明，这些基因与“应激反应”、“刺激反应”和“未折叠的蛋白质结合”有关。此外，149 个基因被预测为 17 个显着差异表达的 lncRNA 的靶标。对显着富集的基因本体（GO）术语中的 11 个基因进行了注释，包括编码 lncPs2 靶向的抗病蛋白的 4 个基因和 lncPs3 靶向的 7 个真核翻译起始因子 2D（eIF2D）基因。表达和功能分析表明 lncPs3 和五个 eIF2Ds 协同上调，