A Review on Enhancing the Antibacterial Activity of ZnO: Mechanisms and Microscopic Investigation,Nanoscale Research Letters

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A Review on Enhancing the Antibacterial Activity of ZnO: Mechanisms and Microscopic Investigation
Nanoscale Research Letters ( IF 5.5 ) Pub Date : 2020-10-01 , DOI: 10.1186/s11671-020-03418-6
Buzuayehu Abebe ₁ , Enyew Amare Zereffa ₁ , Aschalew Tadesse ₁ , H C Ananda Murthy ₁

Affiliation

Abstract

Metal oxide nanomaterials are one of the preferences as antibacterial active materials. Due to its distinctive electronic configuration and suitable properties, ZnO is one of the novel antibacterial active materials. Nowadays, researchers are making a serious effort to improve the antibacterial activities of ZnO by forming a composite with the same/different bandgap semiconductor materials and doping of ions. Applying capping agents such as polymers and plant extract that control the morphology and size of the nanomaterials and optimizing different conditions also enhance the antibacterial activity. Forming a nanocomposite and doping reduces the electron/hole recombination, increases the surface area to volume ratio, and also improves the stability towards dissolution and corrosion. The release of antimicrobial ions, electrostatic interaction, reactive oxygen species (ROS) generations are the crucial antibacterial activity mechanism. This review also presents a detailed discussion of the antibacterial activity improvement of ZnO by forming a composite, doping, and optimizing different conditions. The morphological analysis using scanning electron microscopy, field emission-scanning electron microscopy, field-emission transmission electron microscopy, fluorescence microscopy, and confocal microscopy can confirm the antibacterial activity and also supports for developing a satisfactory mechanism.

Graphical abstract

Graphical abstract showing the metal oxides antibacterial mechanism and the fluorescence and scanning electron microscopic images.

中文翻译：

增强 ZnO 抗菌活性的研究进展：机制和微观研究

抽象的

金属氧化物纳米材料是优选的抗菌活性材料之一。由于其独特的电子构型和适宜的性能，ZnO是新型抗菌活性材料之一。目前，研究人员正在努力通过与相同/不同带隙半导体材料形成复合材料并掺杂离子来提高ZnO的抗菌活性。应用聚合物和植物提取物等封端剂来控制纳米材料的形态和尺寸并优化不同的条件也可以增强抗菌活性。形成纳米复合材料和掺杂减少了电子/空穴复合，增加了表面积与体积之比，并且还提高了对溶解和腐蚀的稳定性。抗菌离子的释放、静电相互作用、活性氧（ROS）的产生是关键的抗菌活性机制。该综述还详细讨论了通过形成复合材料、掺杂和优化不同条件来提高 ZnO 的抗菌活性。使用扫描电子显微镜、场发射扫描电子显微镜、场发射透射电子显微镜、荧光显微镜和共焦显微镜进行的形态分析可以证实抗菌活性，也支持开发令人满意的机制。