Effect of abiotic (composition of drip and fracture water) and biotic factors (composition and activity of microbial complexes) on biofilm formation in the Proshchal’naya karst cave (Far East, Russia) is reported. The effect of natural infiltration water on the structure of cultured microbial complexes and on the elemental composition of the moonmilk speleothem formed on the walls of the cave was studied. The highest concentrations of Fe and Mn were observed in drip water in spring. Organic compounds were shown to have an important effect on the rates of microbial processes at the water–rock interface, on the moonmilk elemental composition, and on the structure of communities involved in carbonate precipitation. The structure of moonmilk microbial communities was investigated using culture-based techniques and quantitative PCR analysis. Iron bacteria of the genera Rhodoferax and Geothrix, as well as Bacillus species, were identified in moonmilk samples. The microstructure and elemental composition of moonmilk samples from the Proshchal’naya cave were investigated by scanning electron microscopy coupled to X-ray microanalysis. SEM images of the moonmilk mass revealed diverse microstructures and high heterogeneity. Tubular microstructures contained more elements (C, O, Ca, Fe, Mn, Si, Al, and S) than claviform structures consisting of calcium carbonate (СаСО3). The moonmilk binding matrix consisted of thin nanofibers.

中文翻译：

---

Proshchal'naya 喀斯特洞穴中的微生物生物膜（俄罗斯远东）

报告了非生物（滴水和裂缝水的组成）和生物因素（微生物复合物的组成和活性）对 Proshchal'naya 岩溶洞穴（俄罗斯远东）生物膜形成的影响。研究了自然渗透水对培养的微生物复合体结构和洞穴壁上形成的月乳洞穴的元素组成的影响。在春季滴水中观察到最高浓度的 Fe 和 Mn。研究表明，有机化合物对水-岩石界面的微生物过程速率、月奶元素组成以及参与碳酸盐沉淀的群落结构具有重要影响。使用基于培养的技术和定量 PCR 分析研究了 Moonmilk 微生物群落的结构。在月奶样品中鉴定了 Rhodoferax 和 Geothrix 属的铁细菌以及芽孢杆菌属。来自 Proshchal'naya 洞穴的月奶样品的微观结构和元素组成通过扫描电子显微镜结合 X 射线微量分析进行了研究。月奶团的 SEM 图像显示出不同的微观结构和高度的不均匀性。管状微结构比由碳酸钙 (СаСО3) 组成的棒状结构含有更多元素（C、O、Ca、Fe、Mn、Si、Al 和 S）。月奶结合基质由细纳米纤维组成。来自 Proshchal'naya 洞穴的月奶样品的微观结构和元素组成通过扫描电子显微镜结合 X 射线微量分析进行了研究。月奶团的 SEM 图像显示出不同的微观结构和高度的不均匀性。管状微结构比由碳酸钙 (СаСО3) 组成的棒状结构含有更多元素（C、O、Ca、Fe、Mn、Si、Al 和 S）。月奶结合基质由细纳米纤维组成。来自 Proshchal'naya 洞穴的月奶样品的微观结构和元素组成通过扫描电子显微镜结合 X 射线微量分析进行了研究。月奶团的 SEM 图像显示出不同的微观结构和高度的不均匀性。管状微结构比由碳酸钙 (СаСО3) 组成的棒状结构含有更多元素（C、O、Ca、Fe、Mn、Si、Al 和 S）。月奶结合基质由细纳米纤维组成。