An earlier onset of regrowth after snow disappearance can enable wheat cultivars to avoid the hotter grain-filling period, without the need for early sowing in snowy regions. A blackened snow surface easily accelerates snow melting by absorbing solar radiation. In this study, we compare the yield components associated with snowmelt acceleration over 4 years and in 2 locations (Sapporo, SP, and Memuro, MM) in Japan, which exhibit contrasting autumn and spring climates. Early snow melting by snow-blackening accelerated wheat growth in MM by a maximum of 4 days for heading and 3 days for anthesis. Moreover, accelerating wheat phenological growth improved the grain yield in MM in 2016. This is because wheat plants were less likely to experience the localised cool and rainy weather that typically occurs during anthesis in mid-June. Early anthesis would decrease the likelihood that wheat plants experiencing lower sunlight intensity during the grain-filling period owing to exposure to rainy weather. However, warmer autumn conditions in SP likely hindered the development of high-level cold resistance in overwintering wheat. Accelerating snowmelt is one possible tool for mitigating the fluctuations in regional wheat production; however, the effectiveness of snow-blackening depends on the regional climate.

中文翻译：

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人工黑化雪促进融雪对冬小麦生长及其对区域气候依赖性的潜在益处

雪消失后较早开始再生可以使小麦品种避开较热的灌浆期，而无需在雪地提前播种。变黑的雪面很容易通过吸收太阳辐射加速融雪。在这项研究中，我们比较了与 4 年间和日本 2 个地点（札幌，SP 和 Memuro，MM）的融雪加速相关的产量成分，这些地点表现出对比鲜明的秋季和春季气候。由雪变黑引起的早期雪融化加速了 MM 小麦的生长，抽穗期最多 4 天，开花期最多 3 天。此外，加速小麦物候生长提高了 2016 年 MM 的粮食产量。这是因为小麦植株不太可能经历通常在 6 月中旬开花期间发生的局部凉爽和多雨天气。早花将降低小麦植株在灌浆期由于暴露于阴雨天气而经历较低日照强度的可能性。然而，SP 较暖的秋季条件可能阻碍了越冬小麦高水平抗寒性的发展。加速融雪是缓解区域小麦产量波动的一种可能工具；然而，雪黑化的效果取决于区域气候。