Pancreatic cancer (PC) is one of the most deadly cancers worldwide. To uncover the unknown novel biomarker used to indicate early diagnosis and prognosis in the molecular therapeutic field of PC is extremely of importance. Accumulative evidences indicated that aberrant expression or activation of immunoinhibitors is a common phenomenon in malignances, and significant associations have been noted between immunoinhibitors and tumorigenesis or progression in a wide range of cancers. However, the expression patterns and exact roles of immunoinhibitors contributing to tumorigenesis and progression of pancreatic cancer (PC) have not yet been elucidated clearly. In this study, we investigated the distinct expression and prognostic value of immunoinhibitors in patients with PC by analyzing a series of databases, including TISIDB, GEPIA, cBioPortal, and Kaplan-Meier plotter database. The mRNA expression levels of IDO1, CSF1R, VTCN1, KDR, LGALS9, TGFBR1, TGFB1, IL10RB, and PVRL2 were found to be significantly upregulated in patients with PC. Aberrant expression of TGFBR1, VTCN1, and LGALS9 was found to be associated with the worse outcomes of patients with PC. Bioinformatics analysis demonstrated that LGALS9 was involved in regulating the type I interferon signaling pathway, interferon-gamma-mediated signaling pathway, RIG-I-like receptor signaling pathway, NF-kappa B signaling pathway, cytosolic DNA-sensing pathway, and TNF signaling pathway. And TGFB1 was related to mesoderm formation, cell matrix adhesion, TGF-beta signaling pathway, and Hippo signaling pathway. These results suggested that LGALS9 and TGFBR1 might serve as potential prognostic biomarkers and targets for PC.

中文翻译：

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免疫抑制剂的综合分析确定LGALS9和TGFBR1为胰腺癌的潜在预后生物标志物

胰腺癌（PC）是世界上最致命的癌症之一。揭露未知的新型生物标志物，用于指示PC分子治疗领域的早期诊断和预后非常重要。累积的证据表明，免疫抑制剂的异常表达或激活是恶性肿瘤中的常见现象，并且在多种癌症中，免疫抑制剂与肿瘤发生或进展之间存在显着关联。然而，尚未明确阐明促胰酶（PC）肿瘤发生和发展的免疫抑制剂的表达模式和确切作用。在这项研究中，我们通过分析一系列数据库，包括TISIDB，GEPIA，cBioPortal，和Kaplan-Meier绘图仪数据库。在PC患者中，IDO1，CSF1R，VTCN1，KDR，LGALS9，TGFBR1，TGFB1，IL10RB和PVRL2的mRNA表达水平被显着上调。发现TGFBR1，VTCN1和LGALS9的异常表达与PC患者预后较差有关。生物信息学分析表明，LGALS9参与调节I型干扰素信号传导途径，干扰素-γ介导的信号传导途径，RIG-I样受体信号传导途径，NF-κB信号传导途径，胞质DNA感测途径和TNF信号传导途径。TGFB1与中胚层形成，细胞基质粘附，TGF-β信号通路和河马信号通路有关。这些结果表明LGALS9和TGFBR1可能作为PC的潜在预后生物标志物和靶标。