The gut microbiota is known to affect a wide range of immune responses; in this review article, Hiroshi Ohno points out that the human gut microbiota contains trillions of bacteria and therefore hundreds of thousands of genes, forming a complex ecosystem within the host. The author describes the ‘integrated omics’ approach (see figure) that combines epigenomics, transcriptomics, metabolomics and metagenomics. This has revealed the importance of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) in regulating disease; for example, some Bifidobacterium strains protect against enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli, and butyrate (produced by Clostridia from dietary fiber) epigenetically promotes colonic regulatory T-cell (T_reg) differentiation, which suppresses various diseases. Secondary bile acids also induce T_regs and microbial butyrate...

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在这个问题上

众所周知，肠道菌群会影响广泛的免疫反应。大野浩史在这篇评论文章中指出，人类肠道微生物群包含数万亿细菌，因此包含数十万个基因，在宿主内形成了复杂的生态系统。作者介绍了结合表观基因组学，转录组学，代谢组学和宏基因组学的“集成组学”方法（见图）。这表明了短链脂肪酸（SCFA）在调节疾病中的重要性。例如，某些双歧杆菌菌株可以抵抗肠出血性大肠杆菌，而丁酸盐（由梭状芽孢杆菌从膳食纤维中产生）表观遗传地促进结肠调节性T细胞（T _reg）分化，可以抑制各种疾病。仲胆汁酸还诱导T _reg和微生物丁酸...