Investigations of the links between human infrastructure and ecological change have provided eye-opening insights into humanity's environmental impacts and contributed to global environmental policies. Fences are globally ubiquitous, yet they are often omitted from discussions of anthropogenic impacts. In the present article, we address this gap through a systematic literature review on the ecological effects of fences. Our overview provides five major takeaways: 1) an operational definition of fencing to structure future research, 2) an estimate of fence densities in the western United States to emphasize the challenges of accounting for fences in human-footprint mapping, 3) a framework exhibiting the ecological winners and losers that fences produce, 4) a typology of fence effects across ecological scales to guide research, and 5) a summary of research trends and biases that suggest that fence effects have been underestimated. Through highlighting past research and offering frameworks for the future, we aim with this work to formalize the nascent field of fence ecology.

中文翻译：

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栅栏生态：了解栅栏生态效应的框架

对人类基础设施与生态变化之间联系的调查为人类对环境的影响提供了令人眼界开阔的见解，并为全球环境政策做出了贡献。围栏在全球范围内无处不在，但是在人为影响的讨论中通常会忽略它们。在本文中，我们通过对围栏的生态效应进行系统的文献综述来解决这一差距。我们的概述提供了以下五个主要方面：1）围栏的操作性定义，以构建未来的研究； 2）评估美国西部栅栏的密度，以强调在人类足迹地图中考虑栅栏的挑战； 3）展示框架围栏产生的生态赢家和失败者； 4）跨生态规模的围栏效应的类型学，以指导研究，5）对研究趋势和偏见的总结，表明围栏效应被低估了。通过强调过去的研究并为未来提供框架，我们的目标是使围栏生态学的新兴领域正式化。