Abstract

Amdoparvoviruses (family Parvoviridae) are ssDNA viruses that cause an immune complex-mediated wasting syndrome in carnivores. They are multi-host pathogens and cross-species infection is facilitated by the fact that viral entry is mediated by cellular Fc receptors recognizing antibody-coated viruses. We developed a pan-amdoparvovirus PCR and screened tissue samples from 666 wild carnivores (families Felidae, Canidae, and Mustelidae) from Newfoundland or Labrador (Canada) and molecularly characterized the identified strains. Fifty-four out of 666 (8.1%) animals were amdoparvovirus-positive. Infection rate was the highest in American mink (34/47, 72.3%), followed by foxes (Arctic and red foxes, 13/311, 4.2%), lynx (2/58, 3.5%), and American martens (5/156, 3.4%). No virus was detected in samples from 87 coyotes and 17 ermines. Viruses from Newfoundland were classified as Aleutian mink disease virus (AMDV). Mink harvested near AMDV-affected fur farms had higher prevalence (24/24, 100%) than other mink (10/23, 43.5%; P < 0.001) and their viruses were phylogenetically closely related to those from farms, while most viruses from other mink were in other clades. Strains from three foxes and two lynx were highly related to mink strains. This proves that farms disperse AMDV that subsequently spreads among wild mink (maintenance host) and transmits to other spillover carnivore hosts. In Labrador two novel viruses were identified, Labrador amdoparvovirus 1 (LaAV-1) found in foxes (9/261, 3.5%) and martens (5/156, 3.4%), and LaAV-2 found in one fox (0.4%). LaAV-1 fulfills all requirements to be classified as a novel species. LaAV-1 was most similar to viruses of mink and skunks (AMDV and skunk amdoparvovirus (SKAV)) while LaAV-2 was more closely related to other viruses infecting canids. LaAV-1 capsid proteins were almost indistinguishable from those of AMDV in some regions, suggesting that LaAV-1 could be a virus of mustelids that can infect foxes. While intensive farming practices provide occasions for inter-species transmission in farms, niche overlap or predation could explain cross-species transmission in the wild, but competition among sympatric species reduces the chances of direct contacts, making this an infrequent event. Pan-amdoparvovirus detection methods in wide epidemiological investigations can play a crucial role in defining amdoparvoviral ecology and evolution and discovering novel viruses.

中文翻译：

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已知和新型食肉动物双细小病毒的多宿主传播

摘要

Amdoparvoviruses (家庭细小病毒科) 是在食肉动物中引起免疫复合物介导的消耗综合征的 ssDNA 病毒。它们是多宿主病原体，并且病毒进入是由识别抗体包被病毒的细胞 Fc 受体介导的事实促进了跨物种感染。我们开发了一种泛细小病毒 PCR，并筛选了来自纽芬兰或拉布拉多（加拿大）的 666 种野生食肉动物（猫科、犬科和鼬科）的组织样本，并对鉴定的菌株进行了分子表征。666 只动物中有 54 只 (8.1%) 呈安多细病毒阳性。美洲貂的感染率最高（34/47, 72.3%），其次是狐狸（北极狐和赤狐, 13/311, 4.2%）、猞猁（2/58, 3.5%）和美洲貂（5/ 156, 3.4%)。在 87 只土狼和 17 只貂的样本中未检测到病毒。来自纽芬兰的病毒被归类为阿留申水貂病病毒 (AMDV)。在受 AMDV 影响的毛皮养殖场附近收获的水貂的患病率（24/24, 100%）高于其他水貂（10/23, 43.5%；P < 0.001），并且它们的病毒在系统发育上与来自养殖场的水貂密切相关，而大多数来自养殖场的病毒其他水貂在其他进化枝中。三只狐狸和两只猞猁的品系与水貂品系高度相关。这证明养殖场会分散 AMDV，然后在野貂（维持宿主）中传播并传播给其他溢出的食肉动物宿主。在拉布拉多发现了两种新型病毒，在狐狸 (9/261, 3.5%) 和貂 (5/156, 3.4%) 中发现了 Labrador amdoparvovirus 1 (LaAV-1)，在一只狐狸 (0.4%) 中发现了 LaAV-2 . LaAV-1 满足被归类为新物种的所有要求。LaAV-1 与水貂和臭鼬病毒（AMDV 和臭鼬 amdoparvovirus (SKAV)）最相似，而 LaAV-2 与感染犬科动物的其他病毒更密切相关。在某些地区，LaAV-1 衣壳蛋白与 AMDV 的衣壳蛋白几乎没有区别，这表明 LaAV-1 可能是一种可以感染狐狸的鼬类病毒。虽然集约化农业实践为农场的物种间传播提供了机会，但生态位重叠或捕食可以解释野外的跨物种传播，但同域物种之间的竞争减少了直接接触的机会，这使得这种事件很少发生。广泛流行病学调查中的泛细小病毒检测方法可以在定义细小病毒生态学和进化以及发现新病毒方面发挥关键作用。