Primates are one of the most threatened groups of mammals. Understanding their patterns of population occurrence and abundance, especially in response to threats, is critical for informing conservation action. The crested black macaque Macaca nigra is the only Critically Endangered species of Sulawesi's seven endemic macaques. Little is known about its distribution or its response to deforestation and hunting. We conducted a camera-trap survey across the entire species range using an occupancy-based analytical approach to (1) establish the first range-wide baseline of occurrence, (2) investigate how environmental and anthropogenic factors influence occurrence, (3) identify priority conservation subpopulations, and (4) test the efficacy of the sampling and analytical protocol for temporal monitoring of M. nigra using occupancy as the state variable. From 9,753 camera-trap days, M. nigra was detected on 473 days at 77 of the 111 camera locations. Species occupancy was 0.66 and highest inside protected areas and closed canopy forest. We identified eight distinct subpopulations, based on distribution and forest fragment size. To inform future monitoring, we used a power analysis to determine if our effort would allow us to detect inter-annual occupancy declines of 10%, and found that 90 camera locations surveyed for 3 months (8,100 camera days) across three consecutive seasons is the effort required to detect such change with 80% certainty. Our study underscores the importance of well-managed protected areas and intact forests for the long-term survival of the crested black macaque, and tests the effectiveness of camera traps to monitor primates at the landscape scale.

中文翻译：

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使用基于占用率的相机陷阱调查来评估印度尼西亚北苏拉威西岛的极度濒危灵长类猕猴桃

灵长类动物是最受威胁的哺乳动物群体之一。了解它们的种群发生和丰度模式，特别是在应对威胁方面，对于为保护行动提供信息至关重要。冠黑猕猴黑猕猴桃是苏拉威西七只特有猕猴中唯一极度濒危的物种。人们对其分布或其对森林砍伐和狩猎的反应知之甚少。我们使用基于占用率的分析方法对整个物种范围进行了相机陷阱调查，以（1）建立第一个范围范围内的发生基线，（2）研究环境和人为因素如何影响发生，（3）确定优先级保护亚群，和 (4) 测试采样和分析方案对时间监测的有效性M. nigra使用占用率作为状态变量。从 9,753 天的相机陷阱开始，M. nigra在 111 个摄像头位置中的 77 个位置的 473 天检测到。物种占有率为 0.66，在保护区内和封闭的树冠林内最高。我们根据分布和森林碎片大小确定了八个不同的亚群。为了为未来的监测提供信息，我们使用了功率分析来确定我们的努力是否可以让我们检测到 10% 的年际入住率下降，并发现连续三个季节对 3 个月（8,100 个摄像头日）调查的 90 个摄像头位置是以 80% 的确定性检测这种变化所需的努力。我们的研究强调了管理良好的保护区和完整的森林对于黑头猕猴长期生存的重要性，并测试了相机陷阱在景观尺度上监测灵长类动物的有效性。